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Anatomy > Unit Two: Trunk Wall & Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Unit Two: Trunk Wall & Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7.

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12.

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5.

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4
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5.

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5
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

3-5.

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6
Q

What do the sacral vertebrae fuse to form?

A

The sacrum.

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7
Q

What do the coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form?

A

The coccyx.

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8
Q

What is the vertebral column divided into?

A
  1. Cervical. 2. Thoracic. 3. Lumbar. 4. Sacral. 5. Coccygeal.
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9
Q

When do primary curves from? When do secondary curves form?

A

Primary curves form before birth. Secondary curves form after birth.

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10
Q

What kind of curve are cervical curves?

A

Secondary.

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11
Q

What kind of curve are thoracic curves?

A

Primary.

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12
Q

What kind of curve are lumbar curves?

A

Secondary.

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13
Q

What kind of curve are sacral curves?

A

Primary.

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14
Q

What is a spinous process?

A

Prominent posterior projection of a vertebra, formed by the fusion of two laminae.

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15
Q

What is a transverse process? What is their function?

A

Processes that project laterally or dorsolaterally on both sides from the point where the laminae join the pedicles. Site of muscle attachment.

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16
Q

What is the function of intervertebral foramina?

A

Openings that permit fluid movement between the lateral and third ventricles of the brain. Nerves running to and from the spinal cord pass through these.

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17
Q

What is the function of the transverse formina in the cervical vertebrae?

A

They protect the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins, important blood vessels supplying the brain.

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18
Q

Where is the atlas located? What is its function?

A

C1. It holds up the head.

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19
Q

What is the axis located?

A

C2.

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20
Q

Is there a inter-vertebral disk between C1 and C2?

A

No. The body of the atlas fuses to the body of the axis, forming the dens of the axis.

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21
Q

Where are the muscles that allow for the head movements “yes” and “no” (side to side) attached?

A

C1 has muscles allowing for “yes” attached. C2 has muscles attached for allowing “No.”

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22
Q

Why do the thoracic vertebrae T1-T8 have both superior and inferior costal facets?

A

Because they articulate with two pairs of ribs.

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23
Q

Why do the thoracic vertebrae T9-T12 have only a single costal facet?

A

Because they articulate with only one pair of ribs.

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24
Q

Where do compression injuries or injuries to the inter-vertebral disks typically occur and why?

A

In the lumbar region because it bears the most weight.

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25
Q

What is a herniated disk?

A

A tear or rupture in the connective tissue of the intervertebral disks.

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26
Q

What is the function of the coccyx?

A

It is an attachment site for a number of ligaments and for a muscle that constricts the anal opening.

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27
Q

What is the function of the sacrum?

A

It protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs and, by paired articulations, attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle of the appendicular skeleton.

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28
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

An exaggeration of the normal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine, producing a “round back” deformity.

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29
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

An abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine.

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30
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

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31
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12.

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32
Q

Which ribs are the true ribs?

A

The first upper 7 pairs of ribs.

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33
Q

What are false ribs? Which ribs are the false ones?

A

Ribs 8-10, that do not attach directly to the sternum.

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34
Q

How are true ribs connected to the sternum? How are false ribs?

A

By separate costal cartilages. False ribs have fused costal cartilages.

35
Q

Which ribs are the floating ribs? Why are they considered floating ribs?

A

The last two pairs of ribs that do not attach to the sternum.

36
Q

What is the function of the manubrium?

A

It articulates with the clavicles (or collarbones) of the appendicular skeleton and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs.

37
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium. 2. Body. 3. Xiphoid process.
38
Q

What is the function of the body of the sternum? (2)

A
  1. Individual costal cartilages from rib pairs 2–7 are attached to this portion of the sternum. 2. The rib pairs 8–10 are attached to the body by a single pair of cartilages shared with rib pair 7.
39
Q

What is the function of the xiphoid process?

A

The muscular diaphragm (muscle used in breathing) and the rectus abdominis muscle attach to the xiphoid process.

40
Q

What is the jugular notch? Where is it located?

A

The shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium. It is located between the clavicular articulations.

41
Q

What does the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles consist of? What is their function?

A

Erector Spinae. They keep the spine erect.

42
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the erector spinae?

A
  1. Iliocostalis. 2. Longissimus. 3. Spinalis.
43
Q

How are vertebral bodies separated?

A

By inter-vertebral disks.

44
Q

What makes up the intervertebral disks? (2)

A
  1. Outer Annulus fibrosus. 2. Inner Nucleus pulposus.
45
Q

What are two functions of the errector spinae muscles?

A
  1. Billateral - Extension of the vertebral column. 2. Unilateral - Lateral flexion of the vertebral column.
46
Q

What kind of cartilage connects ribs in the costal cartilage?

A

Hyaline.

47
Q

What do T1 intercostal nerves do?

A

Form part of the brachial plexus.

48
Q

What do cervical vertebrae have that other vertebrae do not?

A

Transverse foramen.

49
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Prevents hyperextension.

50
Q

What ligaments prevent hyperflexion? (4)

A
  1. Posterior longitudinal. 2. Ligamentum flavum. 3. Interspinous. 4. Supraspinous.
51
Q

What can be broken during CPR?

A

The xiphoid process.

52
Q

How do ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae? (2)

A
  1. 2 demifacets on bodies of two adjacent vertebrae. 2. Transverse process of inferior vertebrae articulates
    with the angle of the rib.
53
Q

What do T3-T6 intercostal nerves do?

A

Innervate the intercostal muscles and are sensory for the anterior chest wall.

54
Q

What do T7-T12 intercostal nerves do?

A

Innervate the intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles, and the overlying skin.

55
Q

What supplies muscles, skin, and overlying and underlying tissues in the thoracic wall? (2)

A

Intercostal vessels: 1. Posterior longitudinal system. 2. Anterior longitudinal system.

56
Q

What are two parts of the posterior longitudinal system?

A
  1. Descending aorta. 2. Gives posterior intercostal arteries and subcostal artery.
57
Q

What are two parts of the anterior longitudinal system?

A
  1. Internal thoracic artery: branch of subclavian artery. 2. Give anterior intercostal arteries.
58
Q

What is the external oblique?

A

Superficial lateral muscle.

59
Q

What is the internal oblique?

A

Middle lateral muscle. Right angle to external oblique.

60
Q

What is the transverse abdominis?

A

Deep lateral muscle. Directed horizontally.

61
Q

What is the rectus abdominus?

A

Anterior muscle connecting sternum to pubic bone.

62
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall innervated by?

A

By thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.

63
Q

What is the function of the transverse abdominis?

A

Compresses abdominal wall.

64
Q

What is the unilateral action of the external oblique?

A

Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column (contralateral rotation).

65
Q

What is the bilateral action of the external oblique?

A

Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall.

66
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

The external oblique.

67
Q

What is the unilateral action of the internal oblique?

A

Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column (ipsilateral rotation).

68
Q

What is the bilateral action of the internal oblique?

A

Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall.

69
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall.

70
Q

What are the three muscle layers of the pelvic floor?

A
  1. Pelvic diaphragm. 2. Urogenital Diaphragm. 3. Superficial Perineal Layer.
71
Q

What is the function of the coccygeus?

A

It forms part of the pelvic floor and supports pelvic viscera.

72
Q

What two structures are included within the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  1. Levator ani. 2. Coccygeus.
73
Q

What are the three muscles that make up the Levator Ani Muscles?

A
  1. Illiococcygeus. 2. Pubococcygeus. 3. Puborectalis.
74
Q

What are the three structures included within the urogenital diaphragm?

A
  1. Deep transverse perineal muscle. 2. External urethral sphincter. 3. External anal sphincter.
75
Q

What three structure are included within the superficial peroneal layer?

A
  1. Ischiocavernosus. 2. Superficial transverse perineal muscle. 3. Bulbospongiosis.
76
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus?

A

Assists erection of the penis or clitoris.

77
Q

What is the function of the Superficial transverse perineal muscle?

A

Support the pelvic organs.

78
Q

What is the function of the Bulbospongiosis?

A

Female: Narrows vaginal opening and stiffens the clitoris. Male: Ejects urine or semen, compresses the base of the penis and stiffens the penis.

79
Q

What is the function of the Deep transverse perineal muscle?

A

Supports the pelvic organs.

80
Q

What is the function of the External urethral sphincter?

A

Constricts urethra to voluntarily inhibit urination.

81
Q

What is the function of the External anal sphincter?

A

Closes anal opening, must relax to defecate.

82
Q

Where is the origin of the pudenal nerve?

A

S2-S4.

83
Q

What are the functions of the pudenal nerve? (2)

A
  1. Somatic sensory and motor innervation of the

perineum, pelvic floor, and external genitalia. 2. Innervates all pelvic floor muscles but the coccygeus.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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