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Anatomy > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage primarily made out of?

A

Water.

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2
Q

What do chondroblasts do?

A

Build cartilage.

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3
Q

What do are chondrocytes?

A

A mature cartilage cell.

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4
Q

What turns into a chondrocyte?

A

A chondroblast.

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5
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular.

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6
Q

How do cartilage cells receive nutrients and remove waste?

A

Via diffusion.

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7
Q

Where are the stem cells in cartilage?

A

The perichondrium.

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8
Q

Why is bone tissue solid and sturdy?

A

Because of the deposition of calcium salts around the protein fibers.

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9
Q

What are the two mechanisms by which cartilage grows?

A
  1. Appositional growth. 2. Intersitial growth.
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10
Q

Describe how cartilage grows via appositional growth.

A

Appositional growth gradually increases the dimensions of the cartilage by adding to the surface.

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11
Q

Describe how cartilage grows via interstitial growth.

A

Chondrocytes within cartilage matrix divide and their daughter cells produce additional matrix. This cycle enlarges the cartilage from within.

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12
Q

Does appositional or intersitial growth occur in adults?

A

No.

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13
Q

Can most cartilage repair itself after an injury?

A

No.

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14
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline. 2. Elastic. 3. Fibrous.
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15
Q

What is the most common and weakest type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline.

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16
Q

What does the matrix of a hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Closely packed collagen fibers.

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17
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage? (2)

A
  1. Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support. 2. Reduces friction between bony surfaces.
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18
Q

What are locations where hyaline cartilage is found? (4)

A
  1. Between the tips of the ribs and bones of sternum. 2. Covering surfaces at synovial joints. 3. Supporting larynx, trachea, and bronchi. 4. Forming part of nasal septum.
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19
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape.

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20
Q

Where are some locations where elastic cartilage is found? (4)

A
  1. Auricle of external ear. 2. Epiglottis. 3. Auditory canal. 4. Cuneiform cartilages of larynx.
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21
Q

What is the function of fibrous cartilage? (3)

A
  1. Resists compression. 2. Prevents bone-to-bone contact. 3. Limits relative movement.
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22
Q

Where are some locations where fibrous cartilage is found? (3)

A
  1. Pads within knee joint. 2. Between pubic bones of pelvis. 3. Intervertebral disks.
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23
Q

What does the matrix of a elastic cartilage contain?

A

Elastic fibers that make it extremely flexible.

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24
Q

What does the matrix of a fibrous cartilage contain? (2)

A
  1. Very little ground substance and may lack a perichondrium. 2. Collagen fibers.
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25
Q

What fibers do bones contain predominately?

A

Collagen fibers.

26
Q

Are bones avascular or vascular?

A

Extensively vascular.

27
Q

By what mechanism(s) do bones grow?

A

Appositional only.

28
Q

What cells does cartilage contain?

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae.

29
Q

What cells do bones contain?

A

Osteocytes in lacunae.

30
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Long slender passages in the matrix where materials can be exchanged between the blood vessels and the osteocytes.

31
Q

Does compact bone contain blood vessels. Does spongy bone contain blood vessels?

A

Compact bone contains blood vessels, but spongy bone does not.

32
Q

Except at joints, what are all bone surfaces covered by? What is it composed of?

A

A periosteum. An outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer.

33
Q

What does a periosteum do? What does the cellular layer do?

A

It helps attach a bone to surround tissues and to tendons and ligaments. The cellular layer functions in bone growth and repairs after an injury.

34
Q

Does bone grow thicker and stronger in response to stressors placed on it?

A

Yes.

35
Q

What is bone tissue also known as? What is bone tissue?

A

Osseous tissue. It is one of the supporting connective tissues.

36
Q

What four cells do bones contain?

A
  1. Osteoblasts. 2. Osteocytes. 3. Osteoprogenitor cells. 4. Osteoclasts.
37
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

They maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix.

38
Q

Osteocytes contained in lucunae are sandwiched between layers of calcified matrix called what?

A

Lamellae.

39
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A
  1. They secrete the organic components of the bone matrix. 2. Production of new bone through osteogenesis.
40
Q

When do osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes?

A

When they become surrounded by matrix.

41
Q

What are osteprogenitor cells? What are they differentiated from? What do they produce?

A

Stem cells. They are differentiated from mesenchyme. They produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

42
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They remove bone.

43
Q

What are the two types of osseous tissue?

A
  1. Compact bone. 2. Spongy bone.
44
Q

What do compact bones form in a bone? What does the inner layer of spongy bone surround?

A

The walls. The medullary (marrow) cavity.

45
Q

What does the medullary cavity contain?

A

Bone marrow.

46
Q

What is yellow marrow important for?

A

They are an important energy reserve.

47
Q

What is the functional unit of mature compact bone?

A

An osteon.

48
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

It removes old red blood cells from circulation.

49
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Yellow marrow.

50
Q

What are the two ends of a bone?

A
  1. The epiphyses. 2. The Diaphysis.
51
Q

Where are the epiphyses and the diaphysis connect?

A

At the metaphysis.

52
Q

What does the periosteum consist of? (2)

A
  1. The outer fibrous layer. 2. The inner osteogenic layer.
53
Q

What is a major difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

A

Spongy bone is arranged in trabeculae.

54
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

The arrangement of spongy bone into parallel struts or thick, branching plates.

55
Q

What surrounds the central canal?

A

Concentric lamellae.

56
Q

What do interstitial lamellae do?

A

They fill in the space between the osteons in compact bone.

57
Q

What are osteocytes in an osteon arranged in a circular layer around?

A

The central canal, which contains blood vessels that supply the osteon.

58
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

The condition of inadequate bone production in the adult, leading to a loss in bone mass and strength.

59
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A reduction in bone mass and strength sufficient to compromise normal bone function.

60
Q

What is rickets?

A

Bone disease caused by vitamin d deficiency.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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