Unit Two: Respiratory System Flashcards
When does the respiratory begin to from?
Around 4 weeks.
The survival rate is low for babies born before what week?
Week 26.
How does the respiratory system gas condition?
It warms and humidifies gas before it get to the lungs.
What is respiratory epithelium also known as?
Pesudostratefied ciliated columnar cells.
What parts of the respiratory system do not have respiratory epithelium? (3)
- Alveoli. 2. Small bronchi. 3. Pharynx.
What is the respiratory epithelium lined with?
Mucus.
How is mucus transported in the respiratory system?
Cilia on Pesudostratefied ciliated columnar cells.
Where are mucus producing cells found? (2)
In the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract.
What are the two parts of the respiratory system?
- Conducting Portion. 2. Respiratory Portion.
What are the functions of the conditioning portion of the respiratory system? (2)
- Filter. 2. Humidify and warm air.
What structures are involved in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? (3)
- Respiratory bronchioles. 2. Alveolar ducts. 3. Alveoli.
What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? (2)
- Site of gas exchange. 2. Includes structures that have alveoli.
What cartilage is C-shaped?
Tracheal cartilage.
What is the trachea?
Flexible semi-rigid tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
What are the functions of tracheal cartilage? (2)
- Provides room for expansion for esophagus. 2. Provides support to keep airway open.
What is the carina?
Midline cartilaginous ridge that separates the lumens of primary bronchi.
What is the trachealis muscles?
Connects tracheal cartilage ends posteriorly.
What are the functions of the trachealis muscles? (2)
- Used to constrict lumens to cough. 2. Controls diameter based on what we’re doing (contracts when relaxing).
What kind of a muscle are trachealis muscles?
Smooth muscles, controlled by the ANS.
What is the trachea lined with?
Respiratory epithelium.
What is the costal surface of the lung?
The side facing the ribs.
What is the mediastinal surface?
Slightly concave surface that faces medially.
What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the lungs?
The oblique fissure.
What is the hilum of the lungs?
Where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into and out of the lungs.
Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated.
Do pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood?
Oxygenated.
Which lung contains the cardiac impression and cardiac notch?
The left lung.
What two fissures does the right lung contain?
- Oblique. 2. Horizontal.
Describe the bronchial tress in a descending way. (5)
- Primary bronchi. 2. Secondary bronchi. 3. Tertiary bronchi. 4. Bronchioles. 5. Terminal bronchioles.
Is there cartilage in bronchioles?
No.
Why does epithelium change as the bronchial tree descends?
In order to make more space for gas exchange and to allow easier gas exchange.
What are C-shaped cartilage replaced by as the bronchial tree descends?
Cartilage plates.
Describe the respiratory portion as it descends.
- Terminal bronchioles. 2. Respiratory bronchioles. 3. Alveolar ducts. 4. Alveolar sacs.
Where does gas exchange occur in respiratory bronchioles?
Where smooth muscle is absent.
What type of cells are alveolar type I cells?
Simple squamous epithelial cells.
What is the respiratory membrane composed of? (3)
- Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell. 2. Plasma membrane of the capillary cell. 3. Fused basement membrane of both cells.
What is the respiratory membrane?
Where respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) diffuse between the blood and the air.
What kind of cells are alveolar type II cells?
Cuboidal epithelial cells.
What is the function of type II alveolar cells?
Produce pulmonary surfactant.
What is the function of pulmonary sufactant?
Lubrication to prevent structures from collapsing.
What do alveolar pores do?
Distribute pressure to prevent destruction.
What fibers are abundant in alveoli? Why?
Elastic fibers. They expand and recoil to push air out of alveoli without using much energy.
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
Remove the tiniest inhaled particles that makes it way into alveoli.
Describe the migration of alveolar macrophages. (3)
- Inner surface of alveoli. 2. Bronchi. 3. Cilia move them into the pharynx.
What are the two layers of the serous membranes?
- Parietal. 2. Visceral.
What do both layers of the serous membrane produce?
Small amounts of serous fluid.
What does the parietal pleura line?
The thoracic wall.
What does the visceral pleura line?
It tightly adheres to the outside of the lung, including within the fissures.
What is a pleural effusion?
Fluid accumulation within the pleural cavity.
What is a pneumothorax?
Air within the pleural cavity.
What is a hemothorax?
Blood within the pleural cavity.
What innervates the visceral pleura?
Pulmonary plexus. It is autonomic only.
What innervates the parietal pleura?
Somatic body wall. Intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve.
Describe the differences in pain sensitivity between the visceral and parietal pluerda.
The parietal pleura is very sensitive to pain while the visceral is not very sensitive, non-specific.
What innervates the diaphragm? Where does the nerve originate?
The phrenic nerve (C3-C5).
What does contraction do to the diaphragm? How does this affect the pressure in the abdominalpelvic cavity?
Flattens it. It increases pressure.
What innervates the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves.
What is the function of the external intercostals?
Elevate the ribs.
What is the function of the internal intercostals?
Depress the ribs during forced exhalation.
What is the function of the transversus thoracis?
Depresses the ribs during forced exhalation.
What innervates the transversus thoracis?
Intercostal nerves.
What is the function of the serratus posterior superior?
Elevate the ribs during forced inhalation.
What is the function of the serratus posterior inferior?
Depresses the ribs during forced inhalation.
What innervates the serratus posterior superior and inferior?
Intercostal nerves.
What results in the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The dome shape of the diaphragm.
How does a pleural tap, or thoracentesis, use?
It uses the costodiaphragmatic space to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity.
What does diaphragm movement result in? What results in lateral movements?
- Vertical Changes. 2. Rib cage elevation or depression.
What results in anterior-posterior changes?
The sternum moving anteriorly or posteriorly.
What is the mediastinum?
Central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the two pulmonary cavities.
What does the superior mediastinum contain? (5)
- Thymus. 2. Great vessels. 3. Vagus and phrenic nerves. 4. Trachea. 5. Esophagus.
What are the three parts of the inferior mediastinum?
- Anterior. 2. Middle. 3. Posterior.
What structures are within the anterior inferior mediastinum? (4)
- Loose connective tissue. 2. Fat. 3. Lymphatic vessels. 4. Some vasculature.
Where is the anterior inferior mediastinum located?
Between the pericardium and sternum.
What does the middle inferior mediastinum contain? (3)
- Heart. 2. Roots of great vessels. 3. Pericardium.
Where is the posterior inferior mediastinum located?
Posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm.
What does the posterior inferior medistinum contain? (5)
- Thoracic aorta. 2. Esophagus. 3. Veins. 4. Lymphatic structures. 5. Nerves (phrenic, thoracic sympathetic trunk).
