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Anatomy > Unit Two: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit Two: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

When does the respiratory begin to from?

A

Around 4 weeks.

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2
Q

The survival rate is low for babies born before what week?

A

Week 26.

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3
Q

How does the respiratory system gas condition?

A

It warms and humidifies gas before it get to the lungs.

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4
Q

What is respiratory epithelium also known as?

A

Pesudostratefied ciliated columnar cells.

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5
Q

What parts of the respiratory system do not have respiratory epithelium? (3)

A
  1. Alveoli. 2. Small bronchi. 3. Pharynx.
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6
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium lined with?

A

Mucus.

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7
Q

How is mucus transported in the respiratory system?

A

Cilia on Pesudostratefied ciliated columnar cells.

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8
Q

Where are mucus producing cells found? (2)

A

In the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract.

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conducting Portion. 2. Respiratory Portion.
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10
Q

What are the functions of the conditioning portion of the respiratory system? (2)

A
  1. Filter. 2. Humidify and warm air.
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11
Q

What structures are involved in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? (3)

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles. 2. Alveolar ducts. 3. Alveoli.
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12
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? (2)

A
  1. Site of gas exchange. 2. Includes structures that have alveoli.
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13
Q

What cartilage is C-shaped?

A

Tracheal cartilage.

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14
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Flexible semi-rigid tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.

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15
Q

What are the functions of tracheal cartilage? (2)

A
  1. Provides room for expansion for esophagus. 2. Provides support to keep airway open.
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16
Q

What is the carina?

A

Midline cartilaginous ridge that separates the lumens of primary bronchi.

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17
Q

What is the trachealis muscles?

A

Connects tracheal cartilage ends posteriorly.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the trachealis muscles? (2)

A
  1. Used to constrict lumens to cough. 2. Controls diameter based on what we’re doing (contracts when relaxing).
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19
Q

What kind of a muscle are trachealis muscles?

A

Smooth muscles, controlled by the ANS.

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20
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium.

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21
Q

What is the costal surface of the lung?

A

The side facing the ribs.

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22
Q

What is the mediastinal surface?

A

Slightly concave surface that faces medially.

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23
Q

What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the lungs?

A

The oblique fissure.

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24
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A

Where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into and out of the lungs.

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25
Q

Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated.

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26
Q

Do pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated.

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27
Q

Which lung contains the cardiac impression and cardiac notch?

A

The left lung.

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28
Q

What two fissures does the right lung contain?

A
  1. Oblique. 2. Horizontal.
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29
Q

Describe the bronchial tress in a descending way. (5)

A
  1. Primary bronchi. 2. Secondary bronchi. 3. Tertiary bronchi. 4. Bronchioles. 5. Terminal bronchioles.
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30
Q

Is there cartilage in bronchioles?

A

No.

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31
Q

Why does epithelium change as the bronchial tree descends?

A

In order to make more space for gas exchange and to allow easier gas exchange.

32
Q

What are C-shaped cartilage replaced by as the bronchial tree descends?

A

Cartilage plates.

33
Q

Describe the respiratory portion as it descends.

A
  1. Terminal bronchioles. 2. Respiratory bronchioles. 3. Alveolar ducts. 4. Alveolar sacs.
34
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in respiratory bronchioles?

A

Where smooth muscle is absent.

35
Q

What type of cells are alveolar type I cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

36
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of? (3)

A
  1. Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell. 2. Plasma membrane of the capillary cell. 3. Fused basement membrane of both cells.
37
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

Where respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) diffuse between the blood and the air.

38
Q

What kind of cells are alveolar type II cells?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells.

39
Q

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

A

Produce pulmonary surfactant.

40
Q

What is the function of pulmonary sufactant?

A

Lubrication to prevent structures from collapsing.

41
Q

What do alveolar pores do?

A

Distribute pressure to prevent destruction.

42
Q

What fibers are abundant in alveoli? Why?

A

Elastic fibers. They expand and recoil to push air out of alveoli without using much energy.

43
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

Remove the tiniest inhaled particles that makes it way into alveoli.

44
Q

Describe the migration of alveolar macrophages. (3)

A
  1. Inner surface of alveoli. 2. Bronchi. 3. Cilia move them into the pharynx.
45
Q

What are the two layers of the serous membranes?

A
  1. Parietal. 2. Visceral.
46
Q

What do both layers of the serous membrane produce?

A

Small amounts of serous fluid.

47
Q

What does the parietal pleura line?

A

The thoracic wall.

48
Q

What does the visceral pleura line?

A

It tightly adheres to the outside of the lung, including within the fissures.

49
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Fluid accumulation within the pleural cavity.

50
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air within the pleural cavity.

51
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

Blood within the pleural cavity.

52
Q

What innervates the visceral pleura?

A

Pulmonary plexus. It is autonomic only.

53
Q

What innervates the parietal pleura?

A

Somatic body wall. Intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve.

54
Q

Describe the differences in pain sensitivity between the visceral and parietal pluerda.

A

The parietal pleura is very sensitive to pain while the visceral is not very sensitive, non-specific.

55
Q

What innervates the diaphragm? Where does the nerve originate?

A

The phrenic nerve (C3-C5).

56
Q

What does contraction do to the diaphragm? How does this affect the pressure in the abdominalpelvic cavity?

A

Flattens it. It increases pressure.

57
Q

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerves.

58
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals?

A

Elevate the ribs.

59
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostals?

A

Depress the ribs during forced exhalation.

60
Q

What is the function of the transversus thoracis?

A

Depresses the ribs during forced exhalation.

61
Q

What innervates the transversus thoracis?

A

Intercostal nerves.

62
Q

What is the function of the serratus posterior superior?

A

Elevate the ribs during forced inhalation.

63
Q

What is the function of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Depresses the ribs during forced inhalation.

64
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior superior and inferior?

A

Intercostal nerves.

65
Q

What results in the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

The dome shape of the diaphragm.

66
Q

How does a pleural tap, or thoracentesis, use?

A

It uses the costodiaphragmatic space to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity.

67
Q

What does diaphragm movement result in? What results in lateral movements?

A
  1. Vertical Changes. 2. Rib cage elevation or depression.
68
Q

What results in anterior-posterior changes?

A

The sternum moving anteriorly or posteriorly.

69
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the two pulmonary cavities.

70
Q

What does the superior mediastinum contain? (5)

A
  1. Thymus. 2. Great vessels. 3. Vagus and phrenic nerves. 4. Trachea. 5. Esophagus.
71
Q

What are the three parts of the inferior mediastinum?

A
  1. Anterior. 2. Middle. 3. Posterior.
72
Q

What structures are within the anterior inferior mediastinum? (4)

A
  1. Loose connective tissue. 2. Fat. 3. Lymphatic vessels. 4. Some vasculature.
73
Q

Where is the anterior inferior mediastinum located?

A

Between the pericardium and sternum.

74
Q

What does the middle inferior mediastinum contain? (3)

A
  1. Heart. 2. Roots of great vessels. 3. Pericardium.
75
Q

Where is the posterior inferior mediastinum located?

A

Posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm.

76
Q

What does the posterior inferior medistinum contain? (5)

A
  1. Thoracic aorta. 2. Esophagus. 3. Veins. 4. Lymphatic structures. 5. Nerves (phrenic, thoracic sympathetic trunk).

Anatomy (38 decks)

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