Unit Two: Respiratory System

Question 1

When does the respiratory begin to from?

Answer 1

Around 4 weeks.

Question 2

The survival rate is low for babies born before what week?

Answer 2

Week 26.

Question 3

How does the respiratory system gas condition?

Answer 3

It warms and humidifies gas before it get to the lungs.

Question 4

What is respiratory epithelium also known as?

Answer 4

Pesudostratefied ciliated columnar cells.

Question 5

What parts of the respiratory system do not have respiratory epithelium? (3)

Answer 5

1. Alveoli. 2. Small bronchi. 3. Pharynx.

Question 6

What is the respiratory epithelium lined with?

Answer 6

Mucus.

Question 7

How is mucus transported in the respiratory system?

Answer 7

Cilia on Pesudostratefied ciliated columnar cells.

Question 8

Where are mucus producing cells found? (2)

Answer 8

In the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract.

Question 9

What are the two parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 9

1. Conducting Portion. 2. Respiratory Portion.

Question 10

What are the functions of the conditioning portion of the respiratory system? (2)

Answer 10

1. Filter. 2. Humidify and warm air.

Question 11

What structures are involved in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? (3)

Answer 11

1. Respiratory bronchioles. 2. Alveolar ducts. 3. Alveoli.

Question 12

What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? (2)

Answer 12

1. Site of gas exchange. 2. Includes structures that have alveoli.

Question 13

What cartilage is C-shaped?

Answer 13

Tracheal cartilage.

Question 14

What is the trachea?

Answer 14

Flexible semi-rigid tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.

Question 15

What are the functions of tracheal cartilage? (2)

Answer 15

1. Provides room for expansion for esophagus. 2. Provides support to keep airway open.

Question 16

What is the carina?

Answer 16

Midline cartilaginous ridge that separates the lumens of primary bronchi.

Question 17

What is the trachealis muscles?

Answer 17

Connects tracheal cartilage ends posteriorly.

Question 18

What are the functions of the trachealis muscles? (2)

Answer 18

1. Used to constrict lumens to cough. 2. Controls diameter based on what we’re doing (contracts when relaxing).

Question 19

What kind of a muscle are trachealis muscles?

Answer 19

Smooth muscles, controlled by the ANS.

Question 20

What is the trachea lined with?

Answer 20

Respiratory epithelium.

Question 21

What is the costal surface of the lung?

Answer 21

The side facing the ribs.

Question 22

What is the mediastinal surface?

Answer 22

Slightly concave surface that faces medially.

Question 23

What divides the superior and inferior lobes of the lungs?

Answer 23

The oblique fissure.

Question 24

What is the hilum of the lungs?

Answer 24

Where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into and out of the lungs.

Question 25

Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood?

Answer 25

Deoxygenated.

Question 26

Do pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood or oxygenated blood?

Answer 26

Oxygenated.

Question 27

Which lung contains the cardiac impression and cardiac notch?

Answer 27

The left lung.

Question 28

What two fissures does the right lung contain?

Answer 28

1. Oblique. 2. Horizontal.

Question 29

Describe the bronchial tress in a descending way. (5)

Answer 29

1. Primary bronchi. 2. Secondary bronchi. 3. Tertiary bronchi. 4. Bronchioles. 5. Terminal bronchioles.

Question 30

Is there cartilage in bronchioles?

Answer 30

No.

Question 31

Why does epithelium change as the bronchial tree descends?

Answer 31

In order to make more space for gas exchange and to allow easier gas exchange.

Question 32

What are C-shaped cartilage replaced by as the bronchial tree descends?

Answer 32

Cartilage plates.

Question 33

Describe the respiratory portion as it descends.

Answer 33

1. Terminal bronchioles. 2. Respiratory bronchioles. 3. Alveolar ducts. 4. Alveolar sacs.

Question 34

Where does gas exchange occur in respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 34

Where smooth muscle is absent.

Question 35

What type of cells are alveolar type I cells?

Answer 35

Simple squamous epithelial cells.

Question 36

What is the respiratory membrane composed of? (3)

Answer 36

1. Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell. 2. Plasma membrane of the capillary cell. 3. Fused basement membrane of both cells.

Question 37

What is the respiratory membrane?

Answer 37

Where respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) diffuse between the blood and the air.

Question 38

What kind of cells are alveolar type II cells?

Answer 38

Cuboidal epithelial cells.

Question 39

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

Answer 39

Produce pulmonary surfactant.

Question 40

What is the function of pulmonary sufactant?

Answer 40

Lubrication to prevent structures from collapsing.

Question 41

What do alveolar pores do?

Answer 41

Distribute pressure to prevent destruction.

Question 42

What fibers are abundant in alveoli? Why?

Answer 42

Elastic fibers. They expand and recoil to push air out of alveoli without using much energy.

Question 43

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 43

Remove the tiniest inhaled particles that makes it way into alveoli.

Question 44

Describe the migration of alveolar macrophages. (3)

Answer 44

1. Inner surface of alveoli. 2. Bronchi. 3. Cilia move them into the pharynx.

Question 45

What are the two layers of the serous membranes?

Answer 45

1. Parietal. 2. Visceral.

Question 46

What do both layers of the serous membrane produce?

Answer 46

Small amounts of serous fluid.

Question 47

What does the parietal pleura line?

Answer 47

The thoracic wall.

Question 48

What does the visceral pleura line?

Answer 48

It tightly adheres to the outside of the lung, including within the fissures.

Question 49

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 49

Fluid accumulation within the pleural cavity.

Question 50

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 50

Air within the pleural cavity.

Question 51

What is a hemothorax?

Answer 51

Blood within the pleural cavity.

Question 52

What innervates the visceral pleura?

Answer 52

Pulmonary plexus. It is autonomic only.

Question 53

What innervates the parietal pleura?

Answer 53

Somatic body wall. Intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve.

Question 54

Describe the differences in pain sensitivity between the visceral and parietal pluerda.

Answer 54

The parietal pleura is very sensitive to pain while the visceral is not very sensitive, non-specific.

Question 55

What innervates the diaphragm? Where does the nerve originate?

Answer 55

The phrenic nerve (C3-C5).

Question 56

What does contraction do to the diaphragm? How does this affect the pressure in the abdominalpelvic cavity?

Answer 56

Flattens it. It increases pressure.

Question 57

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

Answer 57

Intercostal nerves.

Question 58

What is the function of the external intercostals?

Answer 58

Elevate the ribs.

Question 59

What is the function of the internal intercostals?

Answer 59

Depress the ribs during forced exhalation.

Question 60

What is the function of the transversus thoracis?

Answer 60

Depresses the ribs during forced exhalation.

Question 61

What innervates the transversus thoracis?

Answer 61

Intercostal nerves.

Question 62

What is the function of the serratus posterior superior?

Answer 62

Elevate the ribs during forced inhalation.

Question 63

What is the function of the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 63

Depresses the ribs during forced inhalation.

Question 64

What innervates the serratus posterior superior and inferior?

Answer 64

Intercostal nerves.

Question 65

What results in the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 65

The dome shape of the diaphragm.

Question 66

How does a pleural tap, or thoracentesis, use?

Answer 66

It uses the costodiaphragmatic space to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity.

Question 67

What does diaphragm movement result in? What results in lateral movements?

Answer 67

1. Vertical Changes. 2. Rib cage elevation or depression.

Question 68

What results in anterior-posterior changes?

Answer 68

The sternum moving anteriorly or posteriorly.

Question 69

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 69

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity between the two pulmonary cavities.

Question 70

What does the superior mediastinum contain? (5)

Answer 70

1. Thymus. 2. Great vessels. 3. Vagus and phrenic nerves. 4. Trachea. 5. Esophagus.

Question 71

What are the three parts of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 71

1. Anterior. 2. Middle. 3. Posterior.

Question 72

What structures are within the anterior inferior mediastinum? (4)

Answer 72

1. Loose connective tissue. 2. Fat. 3. Lymphatic vessels. 4. Some vasculature.

Question 73

Where is the anterior inferior mediastinum located?

Answer 73

Between the pericardium and sternum.

Question 74

What does the middle inferior mediastinum contain? (3)

Answer 74

1. Heart. 2. Roots of great vessels. 3. Pericardium.

Question 75

Where is the posterior inferior mediastinum located?

Answer 75

Posterior to the pericardium and diaphragm.

Question 76

What does the posterior inferior medistinum contain? (5)

Answer 76

1. Thoracic aorta. 2. Esophagus. 3. Veins. 4. Lymphatic structures. 5. Nerves (phrenic, thoracic sympathetic trunk).