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Anatomy > Unit Two: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Unit Two: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gonads?

A

The reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones.

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2
Q

What are the gametes of males and of females?

A
  1. Testes. 2. Ovaries.
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3
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

To produce the male gametes.

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4
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

A passageway through the abdominal musculature. The narrow canals linking the scrotal chambers with the peritoneal cavity.

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5
Q

What does each spermatic cord consist of?

A

Layers of fascia and muscle enclosing the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the testes.

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6
Q

Why are inguinal hernias common in males?

A

Because the inguinal canals create weak spots in the abdominal walls that remain throughout life.

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7
Q

Why are inguinal hernias not as common in females?

A

Because the inguinal canals are very small containing only the ilio-inguinal nerves and the round ligaments of the uterus. Thus, the abdominal wall is nearly intact.

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8
Q

What is the raphe of the scrotum?

A

A raised thickening in the scrotal surface that separates the scrotum in two.

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9
Q

What does each testis occupy?

A

Its own scrotal cavity.

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10
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis? What is the function?

A

A serous membrane, lines the scrotal cavity and reduces friction between the opposing parietal (outer) layer and visceral (inner) layer.

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11
Q

What are the two layers of muscles in the scrotum?

A
  1. Dartos. 2. Cremaster.
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12
Q

What does the scrotum consist of? (2)

A
  1. Thin layer of skin. 2. The underlying superficial fascial.
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13
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

A

Resting muscle tone in the dartos muscle elevates the testes and causes wrinkling of the scrotal surface.

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14
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Contraction of the cremaster, controlled by the cremasteric reflex, tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body.

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15
Q

When does contraction of the cremaster muscle occur?

A

Contraction occurs during sexual arousal and in response to temperature changes.

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16
Q

What muscle regulates the temperature of the testes and how?

A

The cremaster muscle. It contracts to pull testes closer to increase temperature and relaxes to move testes away from the body to reduce temperature.

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17
Q

What supplies the blood of the scrotum? (3)

A
  1. Internal pudendal arteries. 2. External pudendal arteries. 3. Inferior epigastric arteries.
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18
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

A dense layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the testis and is covered by the tunica vaginalis.

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19
Q

What is the function of the mediastium of the testes?

A

It supports the blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the testis and the ducts that collect and transport sperm into the epididymis.

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20
Q

What are the septa testis?

A

Fibrous partitions formed by the collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea, which converge toward the mediastinum of the testis.

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21
Q

What do the septa testis partition the testis into?

A

Compartments called lobules.

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22
Q

What are distributes among the lobules?

A

Tightly coiled seminiferous tubules.

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23
Q

What occurs within the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm production.

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24
Q

What is each seminiferous tubule connected to?

A

A single straight tubule that enters the mediastium of the testes.

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25
Q

What are the rete testes?

A

A maze of passageways formed by extensively interconnected straight tubules within the mediastinum.

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26
Q

What connects the rete testis to the epididymis?

A

Efferent ductules.

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27
Q

What is the function of interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) do?

A

Produce androgens, the dominant male sex hormones.

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28
Q

What are the three distinct regions of a sperm cell?

A
  1. Head. 2. Middle Piece. 3. Tail.
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29
Q

What transports sperm into the epididymis?

A

Fluid currents within the straight tubule and rete testis.

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30
Q

Describe the epithelium of the epididymis.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long stereocilia.

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31
Q

What is the start of the reproductive tract?

A

The epididymis.

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32
Q

Where is the epididymis?

A

The posterior border of each testis.

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33
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the epididymis?

A
  1. Head. 2. Body. 3. Tail.
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34
Q

What does the head of the epididymis do?

A

Receives sperm via the efferent duct of the mediastinum of the testis.

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35
Q

What does the tail of the epididymis do?

A

It is the main storage site for sperm.

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36
Q

What are the three major functions of the epididymis?

A
  1. Monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules. 2. Recycles damaged sperm. 3. Stores spermatozoa and facilitates their functional maturation.
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37
Q

How does sperm get pushed toward the ductus deferens?

A

Through rhythmic contractions of the stereocilia, and peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle of the epididymis.

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38
Q

What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

A

The enlarged portion of the ductus deferens.

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39
Q

What are the functions of the ductus deferens? (2)

A
  1. Transporting sperm. 2. Storing sperm.
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40
Q

What does each ampulla of the ductus deferens join with?

A

An excretory duct of the seminal gland.

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41
Q

What marks the start of the ejaculatory duct?

A

The excretory duct of the seminal gland.

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42
Q

What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

To connect the ductus deferens with the prostatic urethra.

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43
Q

Where is the urethra?

A

From the tip of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis.

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44
Q

What three regions are the urethra divided into?

A
  1. Prostatic. 2. Membranous. 3. Spongy.
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45
Q

What is different about the male urethra from the female urethra?

A

The male urethra is used both for reproduction and excretion.

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46
Q

What is the function of the seminal glands, or vesicles?

A

They contribute about 60% of the volume of semen.

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47
Q

Where is seminal fluid discharged into during ejaculation? What are the contractions controlled by?

A

The ductus deferens. They are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

48
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

To produce prostatic fluid.

49
Q

What is the purpose of prostatic fluid?

A

To nourish and prevent sperm coagulation in the vagina.

50
Q

What ejects prostatic fluid into the prostatic urethra?

A

Peristaltic contractions of the muscular wall.

51
Q

What is the function of the Bulbo-urethral Glands?

A

To secrete a thick, sticky, alkaline mucus that neutralizes any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra and lubricates the tip of the penis.

52
Q

What does semen contain? (3)

A

Sperm, seminal fluid, and various enzymes.

53
Q

What are the three regions of the penis?

A
  1. Root. 2. Body (shaft). 3. Glans penis.
54
Q

What does the body of the penis consist of?

A

Three parallel cylindrical columns of erectile tissue.

55
Q

What is erectile tissue composed of?

A

A maze of vascular channels incompletely separated by partitions of elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers.

56
Q

Describe how an erection is related to the erectile tissue.

A

In the resting state, the arterial branches are constricted and the muscular partitions are tense.

57
Q

What surrounds the spongy urethra?

A

The corpus spongiosum, which is a mass of erectile tissue.

58
Q

What expands to form the glans of the penis?

A

The corpus spongiosum.

59
Q

What forms the crus of the penis?

A

The corpora cavernosa.

60
Q

What is the thickened, proximal end of the corpus spongiosum?

A

The bulb of the penis.

61
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

The foreskin, surrounding the tip of the penis.

62
Q

What secrete smegma?

A

The preputial glands in the skin of the neck of the glans and the inner surface of the foreskin.

63
Q

What are the functions of the pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein? (2)

A
  1. Venous return from the testes. 2. Temperature regulation.
64
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein.

65
Q

Where do oocytes go after after forming in the ovaries?

A

They travel along the uterine tubes where fertilization may occur.

66
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A large mesentery enclosing the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

67
Q

What is the mesosalpinx? What is it attached to?

A

The free edge of the broad ligament attached to each uterine tube.

68
Q

What is the function of the mesovarium?

A

To support and stabilize the position of each ovary.

69
Q

What is the recto-uterine pouch?

A

The pocket formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.

70
Q

What is the vesico-uterine pouch?

A

The pocket between the anterior wall of the uterus and the posterior wall of the urinary bladder.

71
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

Produce oocytes and secrete hormones.

72
Q

Do the ovaries have a peritoneal covering?

A

No.

73
Q

What does the suspensory ligament contain? (2)

A

The major blood vessels of the ovary: the ovarian artery and ovarian vein

74
Q

Where are the major blood vessels of the ovary connected to the ovary?

A

At the ovarian hilum, where the ovary attaches to the mesovarium.

75
Q

What are the five regions of the uterine tubes?

A
  1. Fimbriae. 2. Infundibulum. 3. Ampulla. 4. Isthmus. 5. The short uterine part.
76
Q

What is the fimbriae?

A

Numerous fingerlike projections that drape over the ovary surface.

77
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The end closest to the ovary that forms an expanded funnel.

78
Q

Describe the epithelium of the uterine tubes.

A

Both ciliated and nonciliated simple columnar cells.

79
Q

What result in the movement of materials along the uterine walls?

A

A combination of ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions in the walls of the uterine tube.

80
Q

Describe the innervation involved in ovulation.

A

A few hours before ovulation, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves from the hypogastric plexus “turn on” this beating pattern.

81
Q

What is the function of the uterus? (3)

A

To provide physical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1–8) and fetus (week 9 to delivery).

82
Q

What helps expel the fetus at the time of birth?

A

Contractions in the muscular uterine wall.

83
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus called?

A

Anteflexion.

84
Q

In addition to the broad ligament, what three pairs of suspensory ligaments stabilize the uterus?

A
  1. Uterosacral. 2. Round. 3. Cardinal.
85
Q

What is the function of the uterosacral ligament?

A

It keeps the body of the uterus from moving inferiorly and anteriorly.

86
Q

What is the function of the round ligament?

A

Primarily restrict posterior movement of the uterus.

87
Q

What is the function of the cardinal ligament?

A

Prevent inferior movement of the uterus.

88
Q

What is the fundus of the body of the uterus attached to?

A

The uterine tubes.

89
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The inferior portion extending from the isthmus to the vagina.

90
Q

What is the external os?

A

The external opening of the uterus.

91
Q

What does the external os lead to?

A

The cervical canal.

92
Q

What does the cervical canal lead to?

A

The uterine cavity at the internal os.

93
Q

What are the two muscular layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. Myometrium. 2. Endometrium.
94
Q

What is the incomplete serosal layer of the uterine wall called?

A

Perimetrium.

95
Q

What supplies blood to the uterus?

A

The uterine arteries.

96
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A
  1. Inner functional layer. 2. Outer basil layer.
97
Q

What does the inner functional layer of the endometrium contain? What does it contribute to?

A
  1. Most of the uterine glands. 2. It contributes most of the endometrial thickness.
98
Q

What does the basil layer of the endometrium attach the endometrium to? What does it contain?

A
  1. Myometrium. 2. It contains the terminal branches of the tubular glands.
99
Q

What is the vaginal fornix?

A

A shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion.

100
Q

What are the walls of the vagina moistened by?

A

Secretions of the cervical glands and by the movement of water across the permeable membrane.

101
Q

What is the bulb of the vestibule?

A

A mass of erectile tissue on each side of the vaginal entrance.

102
Q

What constricts the entrance of the vagina?

A

The two bulbospongiosus muscles.

103
Q

What is the vaginal lumen lined by?

A

Mucosal stratified squamous epithelium that in a relaxed state form rugae.

104
Q

What is the vulva?

A

The region enclosing the female external genitalia.

105
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

A small erectile organ of the female that is the developmental equivalent of the male penis.

106
Q

What is the function of the greater vestibular glands?

A

To discharge secretions into the vestibule near the posterolateral margins of the vaginal entrance during arousal.

107
Q

What is milk secreted by?

A

The mammary gland in each breast.

108
Q

What do the breasts lie in?

A

The subcutaneous tissue of the pectoral fat pad deep to the skin.

109
Q

What is the nipple?

A

An elevated epithelial projection on the surface of the breast, containing the openings of the lactiferous sinuses.

110
Q

What results in the granular texture on the areolar tissue?

A

Large sebaceous glands in the underlying dermis.

111
Q

What do the apocrine glandular tissue consist of?

A

A number of separate lobes, each containing several secretory lobules.

112
Q

What is the lactiferous sinus?

A

An expanded portion of a lactiferous duct adjacent to the nipple of a breast.

113
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments of the breast?

A

Dense connective tissue surrounds the duct system and forms partitions that extend between the lobes and lobules.

114
Q

What do ducts leaving the lobules converge to give rise to?

A

Lactiferous ducts.

115
Q

What epithelium covers the surface of each ovary?

A

A single layer of cuboidal epithelium called the germinal epithelium.

116
Q

Where are gametes produced in the ovary?

A

In the cortex.

117
Q

Where is the site of both oocyte growth and oogenesis?

A

Ovarian follicles.

Anatomy (38 decks)

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