Unit 5: The Central Dogma - Protein Synthesis & Mutations Flashcards
What is the Central Dogma?
Genetic information is transcripted from DNA to RNA, which is in turn translated from RNA to proteins.
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
In general terms, what does RNA do?
It carries genetic information for protein synthesis.
What shape is RNA in?
It is single stranded.
What are the monomers of RNA?
Nucleotides
What are the bases of RNA?
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.
What are the three different types of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger RNA.
What does mRNA do?
mRNA carries genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
What does rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal RNA
What does rRNA do?
It builds a complex that is known as the ribosome. It is the starting point of protein synthesis.
What does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA.
What does tRNA do?
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
What do proteins do?
They perform cell functions and determine traits and cell activities.
What is Thymine replaced with in RNA?
Uracil
What are genes?
DNA segments that code for proteins.
What is a genotype?
Your complete genetic makeup (genes, chromosomes, DNA, etc.).
What is a phenotype?
Your physical traits which are determined by your genotype (e.g. eye color).
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
RNA polymerase synthesizes DNA into RNA in transcription.
What are the different types of mutations?
Substitution, Frame Shift, and Nonsense
What are the two types of substitution?
Silent and Missense
What is Substitution?
The wrong base is used.
What is a silent mutation?
The new codon codes for the same amino acid so no change occurs.
What is a missense muation?
The new codon codes for another amino acid.
What is a frame shift mutaiton?
There are no longer multiples of three codons.
What are the two types of frame shift mutations?
Deletion and insertion
What is deletion?
One base is skipped over.
What is insertion?
One base is added.
What is nonsense mutation?
An error causes a stop codon to be made, and the protein is cut short.
What are introns?
Non-coding regions. They are removed.
What are exons?
Coding regions. They remain.
In what direction does the mRNA strand grow?
5’ to 3’ direction
In what direction does the mRNA strand read?
3’ to 5’ direction
