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2024-2025: Biology > Unit 3A: Basics of Life > Flashcards

Unit 3A: Basics of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

How are protons charged?

A

They are positively charged.

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2
Q

How are neutrons charged?

A

They are not charged.

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3
Q

How are electrons charged?

A

They are negatively charged.

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4
Q

How much mass is a proton?

A

It is equal to 1 atomic mass unit (AMU).

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5
Q

How much mass is a neutron?

A

It equals about 1 amu

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6
Q

How much mass is an electron?

A

It is essentially no mass.

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7
Q

What is an element?

A

It is a pure substance made up entirely of one type of atom.

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8
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

An atom is the smallest unit of matter.

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9
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Protons + neutrons

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10
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

Protons

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11
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same protons, different neutrons

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12
Q

What do electrons fit into?

A

Electrons fit into shells.

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13
Q

How many electrons does the first shell hold?

A

Two electrons

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14
Q

How many electrons does the second shell hold?

A

Eight electrons

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15
Q

How many electrons does the third shell and on hold?

A

Eight electrons

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16
Q

What are the electrons in the outer shell known as?

A

Valance electrons

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17
Q

What is an ion?

A

It is an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge.

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18
Q

What is polarity?

A

Polar means it has an uneven distribution of electrons.

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19
Q

How are the sides of a molecule charged in a polar molecule?

A

One side of the molecule is positively charged, the other side is negatively charged.

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20
Q

How many protons and electrons does elemental hydrogen have?

A

It has one proton and one electron.

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21
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules.

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22
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other surfaces.

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23
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Surface tension is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.

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24
Q

What is capillary action?

A

It occurs when water moves upward against gravity through narrow spaces, like in plant roots or a thin tube.

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25
Q

What is density?

A

Density describes the way that the molecules of a substance are packed together.

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26
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water is the solvent of life.

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27
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solution is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

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28
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The dissolving agent, or water, is the solvent.

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29
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that is dissolved is the solute.

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30
Q

What is specific heat?

A

It measures how well a substance can store heat.

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31
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

They are carbon based organic molecules.

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32
Q

What is a hydroxyl group?

A

-OH

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33
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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34
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

-COOH

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35
Q

What is an amino group?

A

-NH2

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36
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

PO4

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37
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

-CH3

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38
Q

What are macromolecules made of?

A

Smaller molecules are organized into chains called polymers.

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39
Q

What are the building blocks of polymers called?

A

The building blocks of polymers are called monomers.

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40
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl is removed by the other.

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41
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

When the water molecule comes in, the new oxygen inserts itself to break the bond. One hydrogen falls off and joins the other oxygen.

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42
Q

This macromolecule provides short term energy storage.

A

Carbohydrates

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43
Q

Which macromolecule makes up steroid hormones?

A

Lipids

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44
Q

A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because:

A

surface tension

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45
Q

Water is considered the universal solvent because it is really good at dissolving solutes. This is mainly due to what property?

A

Polarity

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46
Q

What property of water helps your body maintain homeostasis?

A

Specific heat

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47
Q

Cold water is denser than hot water because the molecules are:

A

Moving slower

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48
Q

Ice is less dense than water because the molecules are

A

Not moving

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49
Q

Which functional group is a combination of two other functional groups?

A

Carboxyl

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50
Q

In the process of digestion in your stomach, small and large intestine, what chemical reaction is occurring?

A

Hydrolysis

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51
Q

What property of water creates a link from the partial positive hydrogen atom of one molecule to the partial negative oxygen atom of another?

A

Hydrogen Bonding

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52
Q

What are the three names of the subatomic particles?

A

Neutrons, electrons, and protons

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53
Q

What does science call any thing that has mass and takes up space?

A

Matter

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54
Q

An atom is found with 11 protons. It has an atomic mass of 23. How many electrons does it have?

A

11

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55
Q

What is the overall charge of an atom?

A

Zero

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56
Q

An atom is found that has 15 protons and a mass number of 31. How many electrons does it have?

A

15

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57
Q

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the ______________. The average of all the isotopes’ weight of an atom is the _____________.

A

Mass number; atomic mass

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58
Q

An atom is found with 6 protons and a mass number of 13. How many neutrons does it have?

A

7

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59
Q

Polar molecules have __________ charges - one end is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.

A

uneven

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60
Q

The positively charged hydrogen ends of water are attracted to the ____________ charged oxygen ends.

A

negatively

61
Q

An IV solution contains water, salts, and other water-soluble molecules. In this example, the salts are the _______________. And the water is the ______________.

A

Solute; solvent

62
Q

When water freezes, it becomes

A

Less dense

63
Q

Most of the unique properties of water come from the fact that water moelcules

A

Are polar and form hydrogen bonds

64
Q

A molecule with uneven charges is called what?

A

Polar

65
Q

Adhesion is the tendency for water to bond to…

A

Other surfaces

66
Q

Water forms what types of bonds with other water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

67
Q

When you break down a large molecule into smaller parts

A

Hydrolysis

68
Q

A molecule that is a chain of many subunits

A

Polymer

69
Q

Functional group that makes acid

A

Carboxyl

70
Q

Molecule required to build or break bonds in polymers

A

Water

71
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbon based organic molecules

72
Q

Functional groups

A

Groups of atoms on the molecule that serve specific functions

73
Q

Short-term energy storage is most used by what category of macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrate

74
Q

Lipids with single bonds are called what?

A

Saturated

75
Q

Steroids and phospholipids are examples of what macromolecule?

A

Lipids

76
Q

Glycogen and cellulose are examples of what macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

77
Q

The creation of larger molecules comes from what process?

A

Dehydration synthesis

78
Q

Which is more complex, a polypeptide or a dipeptide?

A

Polypeptide

79
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

80
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

A peptide composed of two amino acid residues.

81
Q

In the process of human, elephant, lion or other animal digestion, what would you assume is always used?

A

Water

82
Q

Carbohydrate content is the highest in what types of food?

A

Plant material (hays, greens, oranges)

83
Q

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chain, which ultimately become proteins. What reaction takes place to form a peptide bonds?

A

Dehydration synthesis

84
Q

Why may an animal have different dietary needs at different times of the year?

A

Hibernation requires storing additional kilocalories and mating, nesting, and hatching season requires more kilocalories

85
Q

What type of macromolecule is glucose?

A

Monosaccharide

86
Q

What type of macromolecule is cellulose?

A

Polysaccharide

87
Q

What type of macromolecule is amylase?

A

Protein

88
Q

What type of macromolecule is RNA?

A

Nucleic acid

89
Q

What type of macromolecule is steroid?

A

Lipid

90
Q

What type of macromolecule is fructose?

A

Monosaccharide

91
Q

What type of macromolecule is DNA?

A

Nucleic acid

92
Q

What type of macromolecule is starch?

A

Polysaccharide

93
Q

What type of macromolecule is polypeptide?

A

Protein

94
Q

What type of macromolecule is triglyceride?

A

Lipid

95
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

96
Q

Words that end in -ase are usually

A

enzymes

97
Q

What are reactants?

A

Substances that are changed during a chemical reaction.

98
Q

What do enzymes bind to?

A

Reactants

99
Q

Do enzymes change in a reaction?

A

No.

100
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered.

101
Q

What are products?

A

Substances that are made by a chemical reaction.

102
Q

What is an active site?

A

A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

103
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

104
Q

What are the three things that can denature an enzyme?

A

-When it is a different pH than normal for the enzyme
-When it is hotter than normal for an enzyme
-When there is an inhibitor that locks onto the enzyme

105
Q

What are products?

A

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

106
Q

What is denaturing?

A

A change in the shape of a protein

107
Q

Which would be the enzyme that breaks down the starch amylose?

A

Amylase

108
Q

Why are enzymes needed for life?

A

They speed up all the chemical reactions in living things.

109
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.

110
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy needed to get a reaction going, the enzyme lowers this.

111
Q

Enzymes are a type of which macromolecule?

A

Protein

112
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

113
Q

What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?

A

That the shape is changed of the active site and it no longer works.

114
Q

What is a structural form of the secondary level of protein folding?

A

Beta-pleated sheet

115
Q

As soon as a protein is done being transcribed it has yet to fold into its other forms. What would this unfolded protein’s structural level be?

A

Primary

116
Q

How will a mutation in the DNA affect the protein an amino acid produces?

A

It could change the amino acid sequence and how it folds.

117
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

Its shape

118
Q

When a single protein folds and balls up in order to form its final structure, what structural level would it be at?

A

Tertiary

119
Q

Sometimes proteins combine with other proteins to perform an even more complex function. What level of structure would such a complex be?

A

Quaternary

120
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Water fearing

121
Q

When a protein denatures, what happens to it?

A

It loses its shape and ability to perform its functions

122
Q

An example of a protein

A

Antibody

123
Q

If a protein is responsible for fighting off bacteria that enters the body, what would be the effect on the organism if it denatured?

A

The protein wouldn’t be able to fight off infections and the person would get sick more often

124
Q

What can cause a protein to denature?

A

Change in temperature

125
Q

What does hydrophillic mean?

A

Water loving

126
Q

Water molecules stick to other water molecules because

A

hydrogen atoms of one water bond to oxygen of another water molecule

127
Q

You add sugar to unsweet tea. Which is the solute and solvent?

A

Sugar is the solute; unsweet tea is the solvent

128
Q

What charge do polar molecules have?

A

An uneven charge

129
Q

What reaction assembles polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis

130
Q

What reaction disassembles polymers?

A

Hydrolysis

131
Q

If monosaccharide is the monomer, what is the polymer?

A

Carbohydrates

132
Q

If glycerol and fatty acid is the monomer, what is the polymer?

A

Lipid

133
Q

If amino acids are the monomer, what is the polyemer?

A

Protein

134
Q

If nucleotide is the monomer, what is the polymer?

A

Nucleic acid

135
Q

What are three functions of carbohydrates?

A

-Store short term energy
-Support plant cell walls
-Support fungi and bacteria cell walls

136
Q

What are three functions of nucleic acids?

A

-Help form proteins
-Store energy
-Code for genes

137
Q

What are three functions of proteins?

A

-Contraction/movement
-Transport
-Enzymes

138
Q

A+B —> C+Water
What type of reaction is this?

A

Dehydration synthesis

139
Q

What are three true statements about lipids?

A

-Fats are a form of lipid that function to store energy
-Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes
-Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is a component of steroid hormones

140
Q

What two classes of macromolecules does nitrogen belong to?

A

Nucleic acids and proteins

141
Q

The macromolecule that makes up steroid hormones

A

Lipids

142
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

143
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

144
Q

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

A

Chitin

145
Q

What is an example of a fat?

A

triglyceride

146
Q

What is an example of a steroid?

A

cholesterol

147
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

serotonin

148
Q

What is an example of a enzyme?

A

catalase

149
Q

What is an example of a nucleic acid?

A

RNA

2024-2025: Biology (22 decks)

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