Unit 3A: Basics of Life Flashcards
How are protons charged?
They are positively charged.
How are neutrons charged?
They are not charged.
How are electrons charged?
They are negatively charged.
How much mass is a proton?
It is equal to 1 atomic mass unit (AMU).
How much mass is a neutron?
It equals about 1 amu
How much mass is an electron?
It is essentially no mass.
What is an element?
It is a pure substance made up entirely of one type of atom.
What is the smallest unit of matter?
An atom is the smallest unit of matter.
What is atomic mass?
Protons + neutrons
What is an atomic number?
Protons
What are isotopes?
Same protons, different neutrons
What do electrons fit into?
Electrons fit into shells.
How many electrons does the first shell hold?
Two electrons
How many electrons does the second shell hold?
Eight electrons
How many electrons does the third shell and on hold?
Eight electrons
What are the electrons in the outer shell known as?
Valance electrons
What is an ion?
It is an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge.
What is polarity?
Polar means it has an uneven distribution of electrons.
How are the sides of a molecule charged in a polar molecule?
One side of the molecule is positively charged, the other side is negatively charged.
How many protons and electrons does elemental hydrogen have?
It has one proton and one electron.
What is cohesion?
Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules.
What is adhesion?
Adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other surfaces.
What is surface tension?
Surface tension is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.
What is capillary action?
It occurs when water moves upward against gravity through narrow spaces, like in plant roots or a thin tube.
What is density?
Density describes the way that the molecules of a substance are packed together.
What is the universal solvent?
Water is the solvent of life.
What is a solution?
A solution is a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.
What is a solvent?
The dissolving agent, or water, is the solvent.
What is a solute?
The substance that is dissolved is the solute.
What is specific heat?
It measures how well a substance can store heat.
What are macromolecules?
They are carbon based organic molecules.
What is a hydroxyl group?
-OH
What is a carbonyl group?
C=O
What is a carboxyl group?
-COOH
What is an amino group?
-NH2
What is a phosphate group?
PO4
What is a methyl group?
-CH3
What are macromolecules made of?
Smaller molecules are organized into chains called polymers.
What are the building blocks of polymers called?
The building blocks of polymers are called monomers.
What is dehydration synthesis?
Hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl is removed by the other.
What is hydrolysis?
When the water molecule comes in, the new oxygen inserts itself to break the bond. One hydrogen falls off and joins the other oxygen.
This macromolecule provides short term energy storage.
Carbohydrates
Which macromolecule makes up steroid hormones?
Lipids
A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because:
surface tension
Water is considered the universal solvent because it is really good at dissolving solutes. This is mainly due to what property?
Polarity
What property of water helps your body maintain homeostasis?
Specific heat
Cold water is denser than hot water because the molecules are:
Moving slower
Ice is less dense than water because the molecules are
Not moving
Which functional group is a combination of two other functional groups?
Carboxyl
In the process of digestion in your stomach, small and large intestine, what chemical reaction is occurring?
Hydrolysis
What property of water creates a link from the partial positive hydrogen atom of one molecule to the partial negative oxygen atom of another?
Hydrogen Bonding
What are the three names of the subatomic particles?
Neutrons, electrons, and protons
What does science call any thing that has mass and takes up space?
Matter
An atom is found with 11 protons. It has an atomic mass of 23. How many electrons does it have?
11
What is the overall charge of an atom?
Zero
An atom is found that has 15 protons and a mass number of 31. How many electrons does it have?
15
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom is the ______________. The average of all the isotopes’ weight of an atom is the _____________.
Mass number; atomic mass
An atom is found with 6 protons and a mass number of 13. How many neutrons does it have?
7
Polar molecules have __________ charges - one end is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
uneven
The positively charged hydrogen ends of water are attracted to the ____________ charged oxygen ends.
negatively
An IV solution contains water, salts, and other water-soluble molecules. In this example, the salts are the _______________. And the water is the ______________.
Solute; solvent
When water freezes, it becomes
Less dense
Most of the unique properties of water come from the fact that water moelcules
Are polar and form hydrogen bonds
A molecule with uneven charges is called what?
Polar
Adhesion is the tendency for water to bond to…
Other surfaces
Water forms what types of bonds with other water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
When you break down a large molecule into smaller parts
Hydrolysis
A molecule that is a chain of many subunits
Polymer
Functional group that makes acid
Carboxyl
Molecule required to build or break bonds in polymers
Water
Macromolecules
Carbon based organic molecules
Functional groups
Groups of atoms on the molecule that serve specific functions
Short-term energy storage is most used by what category of macromolecule?
Carbohydrate
Lipids with single bonds are called what?
Saturated
Steroids and phospholipids are examples of what macromolecule?
Lipids
Glycogen and cellulose are examples of what macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
The creation of larger molecules comes from what process?
Dehydration synthesis
Which is more complex, a polypeptide or a dipeptide?
Polypeptide
What is a polypeptide?
A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
What is a dipeptide?
A peptide composed of two amino acid residues.
In the process of human, elephant, lion or other animal digestion, what would you assume is always used?
Water
Carbohydrate content is the highest in what types of food?
Plant material (hays, greens, oranges)
Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chain, which ultimately become proteins. What reaction takes place to form a peptide bonds?
Dehydration synthesis
Why may an animal have different dietary needs at different times of the year?
Hibernation requires storing additional kilocalories and mating, nesting, and hatching season requires more kilocalories
What type of macromolecule is glucose?
Monosaccharide
What type of macromolecule is cellulose?
Polysaccharide
What type of macromolecule is amylase?
Protein
What type of macromolecule is RNA?
Nucleic acid
What type of macromolecule is steroid?
Lipid
What type of macromolecule is fructose?
Monosaccharide
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Nucleic acid
What type of macromolecule is starch?
Polysaccharide
What type of macromolecule is polypeptide?
Protein
What type of macromolecule is triglyceride?
Lipid
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Words that end in -ase are usually
enzymes
What are reactants?
Substances that are changed during a chemical reaction.
What do enzymes bind to?
Reactants
Do enzymes change in a reaction?
No.
What are catalysts?
Substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered.
What are products?
Substances that are made by a chemical reaction.
What is an active site?
A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
What are the three things that can denature an enzyme?
-When it is a different pH than normal for the enzyme
-When it is hotter than normal for an enzyme
-When there is an inhibitor that locks onto the enzyme
What are products?
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
What is denaturing?
A change in the shape of a protein
Which would be the enzyme that breaks down the starch amylose?
Amylase
Why are enzymes needed for life?
They speed up all the chemical reactions in living things.
What is an enzyme?
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing.
What is activation energy?
The energy needed to get a reaction going, the enzyme lowers this.
Enzymes are a type of which macromolecule?
Protein
What is a substrate?
A reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
That the shape is changed of the active site and it no longer works.
What is a structural form of the secondary level of protein folding?
Beta-pleated sheet
As soon as a protein is done being transcribed it has yet to fold into its other forms. What would this unfolded protein’s structural level be?
Primary
How will a mutation in the DNA affect the protein an amino acid produces?
It could change the amino acid sequence and how it folds.
What determines the function of a protein?
Its shape
When a single protein folds and balls up in order to form its final structure, what structural level would it be at?
Tertiary
Sometimes proteins combine with other proteins to perform an even more complex function. What level of structure would such a complex be?
Quaternary
What does hydrophobic mean?
Water fearing
When a protein denatures, what happens to it?
It loses its shape and ability to perform its functions
An example of a protein
Antibody
If a protein is responsible for fighting off bacteria that enters the body, what would be the effect on the organism if it denatured?
The protein wouldn’t be able to fight off infections and the person would get sick more often
What can cause a protein to denature?
Change in temperature
What does hydrophillic mean?
Water loving
Water molecules stick to other water molecules because
hydrogen atoms of one water bond to oxygen of another water molecule
You add sugar to unsweet tea. Which is the solute and solvent?
Sugar is the solute; unsweet tea is the solvent
What charge do polar molecules have?
An uneven charge
What reaction assembles polymers?
Dehydration synthesis
What reaction disassembles polymers?
Hydrolysis
If monosaccharide is the monomer, what is the polymer?
Carbohydrates
If glycerol and fatty acid is the monomer, what is the polymer?
Lipid
If amino acids are the monomer, what is the polyemer?
Protein
If nucleotide is the monomer, what is the polymer?
Nucleic acid
What are three functions of carbohydrates?
-Store short term energy
-Support plant cell walls
-Support fungi and bacteria cell walls
What are three functions of nucleic acids?
-Help form proteins
-Store energy
-Code for genes
What are three functions of proteins?
-Contraction/movement
-Transport
-Enzymes
A+B —> C+Water
What type of reaction is this?
Dehydration synthesis
What are three true statements about lipids?
-Fats are a form of lipid that function to store energy
-Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes
-Cholesterol is a type of lipid that is a component of steroid hormones
What two classes of macromolecules does nitrogen belong to?
Nucleic acids and proteins
The macromolecule that makes up steroid hormones
Lipids
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose
What is an example of a polysaccharide?
Chitin
What is an example of a fat?
triglyceride
What is an example of a steroid?
cholesterol
What is an example of a protein?
serotonin
What is an example of a enzyme?
catalase
What is an example of a nucleic acid?
RNA
