Unit 5: The Central Dogma - Entry & Exit Tickets Flashcards
Examine the following two DNA sequences.
Sequence 1: TTC ATG CTG GTG ACG
Sequence 2: TTT ATG CTG GTA ACA
If both of these sequences code for proteins, how might the function of protein 2 differ from the function of protein 1?
Protein 1 and Protein 2 will function exactly the same.
The ribosome is made of what two things?
Two subunits and rRNA
If growth factors are not produced by cells, or not enough are produced, what can occur?
Tumor or cancer growth
What is complementary to the mRNA codon?
Anticodon
Which enzyme grows the nucleic acid in the 5’ to 3’ direction?
Polymerase
Anticodons are found on what structure?
tRNA
DNA and RNA polymerase always add bases in what order?
5’ to 3’ direction on all strands
The nucleoid is where which two processes occur?
Replication occurs in a prokaryote and transcription occurs in a prokaryote
What mRNA sequence does the DNA template strand GTG CAT CCA code for?
CAC GUA GGU
What amino acid does the codon GAU code for?
Aspartic acid
The match to a mRNA codon is called what?
Anticodon
Which of the following enzymes is NOT directly involved in DNA replication?
Amylase
DNA replication is ____________ with each __________ acting as a template for the synthesis of a complementary _________.
semiconservative; parent strand; new strand
How does RNA polymerase grow the new mRNA strand?
5’ to 3’ in the direction of the new strand
In what ways is RNA different from DNA?
RNA is single stranded, RNA contains ribose, RNA contains uracil
The checkpoint to enter S phase from G1 phase is which of the following?
Making sure the cell is growing and has nutrients
Spindle fibers attach to what part of the chromatids?
Kinetochores
What happens in S phase of interphase?
DNA replicates
If a cell cycle lasts 24 hours, which of the following most likely represents the time it would take for mitosis to occur?
3 Hours
If a cell cycle lasts 24 hours, in what phase would you find most cells if you viewed them under a microscope?
Interphase
What do we call the sides of the DNA ladder?
Sugar-phosphate backbone
The phosphate group is found at the _______ end of the strand.
5’
Name the components of a nucleotide, left to right
Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base
What is the number of hydroxyl (OH) groups in a DNA nucleotide?
1
This scientist discovered the underlying structure of DNA molecules using x-rays
Rosalind Franklin
This scientist(s) put the nucleotide bases together to form a double helix.
Watson and Crick
Why must DNA be replicated?
So daughter cells have exact copies of DNA
When do you think DNA replication occurs in a daughter cell?
S phase
What does DNA polymerase do in the 3’ to 5’ direction?
Reads
What does DNA polymerase do in the 5’ to 3’ direction?
Grows
An unknown DNA sample is collected and analyzed. What would you expect to discover when looking at the data?
For every nitrogenous base, there is a sugar and phosphate group. There are just as many As as Ts and as many Cs as Gs.
The nitrogenous bases (A-T and C-G) are held together by what force?
Hydrogen bonds
The phosphate group is associated with which end of the DNA strand?
5’ end
Which scientist found that adenine, thymine, and cytosine, guanine, were always in equal amounts in the genetic molecule?
Chargaff
Which two bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine and Thymine
Which two bases are purines?
Adenine and guanine
The polymer of a nucleic acid is called a…
Polynucleotide
DNA consists of what nitrogenous bases?
Guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine
A nucleotide is comprised of what things?
Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
Kinetochores are where…
Spindle fibers attach to chromatids
In order for a cell to move into G2 phase, what needs to occur?
The cell has to show that there were no DNA replication errors.
When does the cell copy its DNA?
S Phase
Cells that do progress too slowly or too quickly through the cell cycle can cause what to form?
Cancer cells
Which macromolecule contains genetic information?
Nucleic acids
Which of the following are examples of nucleic acids?
DNA, ATP, and RNA
DNA is made of what three components?
Nitrogenous bases, phosphate group, and deoxyribose sugar
If one strand of DNA is ATC GGT AAC, what is the complementary strand?
TAG CCA TTG
If a cell cycle lasts 24 hours, which of the following most likely represents the time it would take for mitosis to occur?
1 hour
If a cell cycle lasts 24 hours, in what phase would you find most cells if you viewed them under a microscope?
Interphase
If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24 chromosomes, then a grasshopper wing cell contains how many chromosomes?
24
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis in humans?
Production of gametes
Which of the following phases of mitosis is essentially the opposite of prophase in terms of changes within the nucleus?
Telophase
Cancer is a disease where cells undergo mitosis uncontrollably. The technique used to produce the data displayed might be useful for a cancer biologist who wishes to
Determine the effect of medication on protein synthesis at various times in the cell cycle
Which statement explains the nature of the assessment carried out at the G1 checkpoint?
The cell evaluates the integrity of the DNA and checks for damage before DNA replication occurs
A cell undergoes several different steps as it divides into two identical daughter cells. The cell is undergoing cell division. In the step immediately following metaphase, one daughter cell is missing a chromosome, and the other daughter cell has an extra chromosome. What happened in the step immediately before the phase pictured here to cause this problem?
A spindle fiber captured a chromosome on one side of the centromere, but a spindle fiber from the other centriole failed to capture it from the opposite side.
Cells perform DNA replication during what phase of the cell cycle?
S phase
Making sure that the cells have nutrients, organelles, and have started to grow is a checkpoint for the cell to do what?
Leave G1 phase and enter S phase
The spindle fibers attach to the ____________ during mitosis
centromere/kinetochore
