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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 4 - Equine Reproductive > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Equine Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common infectious causes of abortion?

A

Bacterial or fungal placentitis
Equine herpesvirus 1
Equine viral arteritis

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2
Q

What are the less common infectious causes of abortion?

A

Leptospirosis
Salmonella
Neorickettsia risticii

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3
Q

What FAD causes abortion?

A

Dourine

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4
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of abortion?

A

Mare reproductive loss syndrome
Twins
Umbilical torsion
Congenital defects

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5
Q

What are the etiologic agents of placentitis?

A 
Streptococcus species
E. coli
Pseudomonas species
Klebsiella species
Staphylococcus species
Nocardiform actinomycetes
Aspergillus fumigatos
Mucor species
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6
Q

What is the most common route of infection that results in placentitis?

A

Ascending infection via cervix > hematogenous

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7
Q

How does placentitis result in abortion or premature delivery?

A
  1. Placental infection
  2. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin release
  3. Abortion or premature delivery
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8
Q

What clinical sigs are associated with placentitis?

A

Premature udder development, vaginal discharge

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9
Q

What is associated with a poor prognosis where placentitis is concerned?

A

vaginal discharge

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10
Q

What will you see on ultrasound in a patient with placentitis?

A

Hyperechoic fetal fluids
Placental separation
Increased or decreased fetal heart rate
Thickening of the uterus and placenta

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11
Q

How can placentitis be diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound

Monitoring of progesterone, estrogen levels, and acute phase porteins

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12
Q

How is placentitis treated?

A

Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and progesterone

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13
Q

What is the etiologic cause of rhinopneumonitis abortion?

A

EHV1&raquo_space; EHV4

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14
Q

T/F: Rhinopneumonitis is the most prevalent viral cause of abortion.

A

True

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15
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis transmitted?

A

Via respiratory secretions, contact with fomites, or aborted fetuses

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16
Q

Where does EHV-1/4 multiply?

A

In lymphoid tissue - lymphocytes carry it to the rest of the body

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17
Q

What clinical signs are associated with rhinopnuemonitis abortions?

A

Usually there are no clinical signs in the mare preceding abortion - death of the fetus at expulsion or later succumb to respiratory failure
Normal placenta

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18
Q

When during gestation do rhinopneumonitis abortions occur?

A

9th or 10th month of gestation

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19
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis abortion diagnosed?

A

Histopath, IHC, PCR

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20
Q

What will you find on histopath in an aborted fetus due to rhinopneumonitis?

A

Necrotic foci with intranuclear inclusions in many tissues, especially the liver, lung, and thymus

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21
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis abortion prevented and controlled?

A

Pregnant mares should be housed separately from other horses on the farm
New arrivals should be quarantined
Vaccination at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation during each pregnancy

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22
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine coital exanthema?

A

EHV-3

23
Q

How is equine coital exanthema transmitted?

A

By breeding and contact

24
Q

What clinical signs are associated with equine coital exanthema?

A

On the external genitalia of both sexes - papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabby erosions
Lesions can coalesce to large erosions

25
Q

What behavior may stallions exhibit if they have equine coital exanthema?

A

They may be reluctant to breed

26
Q

What causes equine viral arteritis abortion?

A

the establishment of viremia following respiratory disease

27
Q

Where is equine viral arteritis shed (for abortions)?

A

in semen

28
Q

What clinical signs are associated with equine viral arteritis abortion?

A

Subclinical or mild infection or significant respiratory disease
Abortion 2-6 weeks following infection

29
Q

When during gestation can equine viral arteritis abortions occur?

A

Any time between the 3rd and 10th month of gestation

30
Q

How is equine viral arteritis abortion diagnosed?

A

VI or PCR on fetal tissues is the best

No lesions

31
Q

How is equine viral arteritis abortion prevented and controlled?

A

Unvaccinated stallions should be tested immediately

Vaccination

32
Q

T/F: EVAV vaccine-induced antibody cannot be differentiated from infection-induced antibody

A

True - it is strongly recommended to submit sera for testing prior to initial immunization

33
Q

What are the more common serovars of Leptospira that result in abortion?

A

Pomona and kennewichi

34
Q

How is Leptospira transmitted?

A

Oral ingestion of urine-contaminated water

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with leptospirosis abortions in the mare?

A

Fever, hemoglobinuria, icterus, renal failure, and late term abortion
Equine recurrent uveitis

36
Q

What clinical signs are associated with leptospirosis abortions in the fetus?

A

Emaciation, icterus, grossly abnormal liver, kidney, and lungs

37
Q

How is leptospirosis abortion diagnosed?

A

PCR, FA tests, Warthin-Starry silver stain

38
Q

How is leptospirosis abortion treated?

A

Antibiotics - Oxytetracycline, penicillin

39
Q

How is leptospirosis abortion prevented and controlled?

A

Isolate the affected animals

Vacciantion

40
Q

What are the common infectious causes of failure to conceive?

A

General bacterial metritis/endometritis

41
Q

What is the FAD cause of failure to conceive?

A

CEM

42
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of failure to conceive?

A

Seasonal anestrus, gonadal dysgenesis, granulosa-theca cell tumor, persistent CL

43
Q

What is the etiologic agent of contagious equine metritis?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

44
Q

T/F: Although CEM has been IDd and eradicated, it is still considered an FAD and is frequently IDd in the US.

A

true

45
Q

T/F: T. equigenitalis is an obligate parasite of horses.

A

True

46
Q

How is CEM transmitted?

A

Either venereal via natural breeding, AI, or vertical

47
Q

T/F: Mares become lifelong carriers of T. equigenitalis.

A

False - they can resolve the infections themselves

48
Q

What clinical signs are associated with contagious equine metritis in mares?

A

Acute endometritis following breeding - copious purulent discharge, failure to conceive
Either become infected or chronic carriers

49
Q

What clinical signs are associated with contagious equine metritis in stallions?

A

They do not exhibit any clinical signs

50
Q

How is contagious equine metritis diagnosed?

A

Culture at accredited labs only

PCR

51
Q

How is contagious equine metritis treated?

A

Thorough washing of external genitalia in stallions and mares
Rinsing and application of a topical antibiotic
Repeat for 5 consecutive days

52
Q

What are the import requirements for CEM?

A

Any horse that is sexually intact and over 731 days of age originating from a region/country affected by CEM is subject to quarantine before being allowed into the US

Need 2 negative semen tests

53
Q

What are the export requirements for CEM?

A

Semen extenders must contain abx active against T. equigenitalis
Embryos need to be collected in fluid containing an antibiotic active against T. equigenitalis

54
Q

What are the general recommendations for CEM in the united states?

A

Culture active breeding stallions annually prior to breeding or colelction
When collecting stallions and hand mating - wear gloves, use disposable bucket liners, dedicated AV for each stallion, disposable wraps for phantom, tail wraps
Veterinary products - disposable vaginal speculums, wear gloves, use disposable bucket liners

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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