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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 2 - Bovine Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Bovine Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What stresses can cause, or exacerbate, respiratory diseases?

A 
Weaning
Change in diet
Shipping and handling
Dehorning
Castration
Vaccination
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2
Q

Who must sign the Iowa green or gold tag program form?

A

The owner and the veterinarian

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3
Q

How are calves in the green or gold tag program identified?

A

With a recorded tag number in their left ear

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4
Q

When does the owner receive the green or gold tag program certificate?

A

When the required 30 or 45 day weaning period and all immunizations are completed on time

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5
Q

For the green or gold tag program, how old must the calves be before the first vaccination is given?

A

4 months old

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6
Q

How many courses of vaccinations are given with the green tag program? Gold tag?

A

Green tag - 1 round

Gold tag - 2 rounds

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7
Q

When must the second vaccination for the gold tag program occur?

A

At least 14 days following the first and 14 days before the sale

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8
Q

What are the required vaccinations for the green and gold tag program?

A 
Clostridial Group (7-way)
Histophilus somni
Mannheimia haemolytica
IBR
PI-3
BVD
BRSV
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9
Q

Aside from vaccination, what are other requirements for the green and gold tag programs?

A

All calves must be dehorned and castrated at least 21 days before they are sold.
Record internal and external parasite treatment.

Preconditioning is only good for a single change of ownership

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10
Q

What are optional procedures that can be done with green and gold tag programs?

A

Growth implants and P. multocida bacterin

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11
Q

What metaphylactic steps can be taken to reduce the chance of developing respiratory disease in cattle?

A

Placing feeder cattle on antibiotics when they arrive

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12
Q

What issues may arise with the use of antibiotics as a metaphylactic step?

A

There can be a problem with antimicrobial resistance

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13
Q

What methods can be utilized to prevent respiratory disease in cattle?

A 
Minimize stress
Preconditioning-Green Tag/Gold Tag Program
Good vaccine timing
Vaccinate upon arrival
Vaccination during a disease outbreak
Metaphylaxis
Test for BVD PI cattle
Start cattle on feed
Manage nutritional deficiencies
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14
Q

What are the three points to the epidemiologic triangle?

A

Host, agent, and environment

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15
Q

What are the main respiratory disease agents that affect cattle?

A 
Manheimia haemolytica
Bibersteinia trehalosi
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
Mycoplasma bovis
IBR
PI3
BRSV
BVD
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16
Q

What is the major serotype involved with respiratory disease due to Mannheimia haemolytica?

A

Serotype A1

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17
Q

What toxin does Mannheimia haemolytica release?

A

Leukotoxin

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18
Q

What is the role of leukotoxin?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils release reactive oxygen intermediates, eicosanoids, cytokines, and hydrolytic enzymes on pulmonary tissues

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19
Q

How is Mannheimia haemolytica infection prevented?

A

Preconditioning
Sound management practices
Immunization

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20
Q

In general, what guidelines are important for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease?

A 
Assume that all agents may be contributing, but not necessarily to the same extent in all animals
Treat early
Correct drug
Correct dose
Treat long enough
Identify research animals
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21
Q

T/F: Pasteurella multocida infection is almost always secondary

A

True

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22
Q

What type of Pasteurella multocida is common in mixed infections?

A

Type A

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23
Q

T/F: Pasteurella multocida is one of the easier respiratory infections to treat.

A

False - it is harder to treat

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24
Q

Are bacterins for Pasteurella multocida useful?

A

They have questionable benefit but seem to help if given early as part of a preconditioning programq

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25
Q

What type of respiratory disease does Bibersteinia trehalosi cause?

A

An acute, severe respiratory disease

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26
Q

What toxin does Bibersteinia trehalosi release?

A

The same leukotoxin as Mannheimia haemolytica

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27
Q

How does Histophilus somni spread in groups of calves?

A

laterally

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28
Q

In some herds, _____ combines with H. somni and produces what?

A

BRSV; a rapidly fatal pneumonia that may involve a type I hypersensitivity reaction

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29
Q

What weather does Histophilus somni like to spread/infect?

A

Fall weather, wet, changeable

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30
Q

What diseases occur in conjunction with Histophilus somni?

A

Respiratory disease, septicemia, joint infections, and TME

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31
Q

How is H. somni pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Culture, PCR-Panel, and a CF test

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32
Q

T/F: H. somni immunization is required for Iowa Green and Gold tag programs, but it is generally regarded as having poor immunogenicity

A

True

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33
Q

What is the possible hypersensitivity associated with H. somni immunization?

A

Vaccine reactions/immunized animals sometimes have worse disease

Reports say these reactions are more common with vaccines that combine BRSV and H. somni

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34
Q

What virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)

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35
Q

What has reduced the incidence of IBR?

A

Vaccination

36
Q

In general, what diseases do herpesviruses cause in cattle?

A

Respiratory diseases, CNS diseases in neonates, and abortions

37
Q

What clinical disease is associated with IBR?

A

Rednose, keratoconjunctivitis, abortion w/ or w/o evidence of respiratory disease, occasional meningitis

38
Q

What is rednose?

A

Severe hyperemia and reddening of the muzzle

39
Q

How does IBR effect the immune system?

A

Immunosupression

40
Q

What immunosuppresive things does IBR do?

A

Defective neutrophil and alveolar macrophage function
Decreased T-helper cell activity
Destruction of ciliated respiratory epithelium

41
Q

What is diagnosis of IBR based on?

A

History and clinical signs
Histopath
PCR
Serologic tests

42
Q

What will you find on histopath in patients with IBR?

A

intranuclear inclusions

43
Q

What types of vaccines are available for IBR prevention?

A

Intranasal modified live, parenteral modified live, inactivated

44
Q

What is the recommended IBR vaccination for pregnant cows?

A

Killed vaccines
MLV vaccines are no longer recommended even if on label due to cases where the MLV vaccination is linked to abortions

According to one of the assigned readings, The MLV vaccine should provide enough immunity if given pre-breeding

45
Q

Parainfluenza 3 usually produces a relatively _____ disease in cattle and is most commonly associated with _______ ______.

A

mild; shipping fever

46
Q

What does PI-3 predispose a cow to and why?

A

Bacterial pneumonia because it inhibits alveolar macrophage function and clearing of bacteria from the lungs

47
Q

How is PI-3 infection diagnosed?

A

Histopath and IHC

48
Q

Is there a vaccine for PI-3?

A

Yes - good vaccines are available and included with IBR vaccines and other immunizing products

49
Q

BVD is an _________ virus. According to Dr. Griffith, it ‘really knocks the socks off of the white cells.’

A

immunosuppressive

50
Q

Clinical infection from Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus is what type of disease?

A

A lower respiratory tract disease

51
Q

What clinical signs are associated with BRSV?

A

Sudden onset of high fever (104-108 F), nasal discharge, and respiratory distress

52
Q

What does BRSV do to the respiratory tract?

A

It causes destruction of the ciliated respiratory epithelium and induces fusion of epithelial cells to form multinucleate syncytial cells

53
Q

In what form of disease is BRSV associated with immediate hypersensitivity reacitons?

A

Peracute disease

54
Q

How is BRSV diagnosed?

A

IHC, histopath, virus isolation, PCR panel

55
Q

Are there vaccines available for BRSV?

A

Yes - both inactivated and MLV

56
Q

What other disease process is BRSV infection associated with?

A

Corn silage disease - metabolic acidosis

57
Q

What clinical conditions does Mycoplasma bovis cause?

A

Mastitis, lungers, railers, polyarthritis, and abscess formation

58
Q

Where does M. bovis typically form abscesses?

A

Pulmonary, ear, kidney, and liver

59
Q

What lesions does M. bovis causE?

A

Focal coagulative necrosis and lymphohistiocyic response

60
Q

What is M. bovis resistant to?

A

Penicillins and other beta-lactams

61
Q

What is used to treat M. bovis?

A

Long-acting macrolides - Draxxin and Tilmicosin

62
Q

Bovine coronavirus is a pneumo-_____ virus.

A

enteric

63
Q

What are the two main forms of Malignant Catarrhal fever?

A

African or Wildebeest-associated form

Sheep/American form

64
Q

What does the sheep/American form of MCF cause?

A

Widespread subclinical infection in sheep that is shed (for less than 24 hours) and transmitted to cattle

65
Q

What are MCF outbreaks often associated with?

A

Lambs or lambing season

66
Q

Why is MCF not transmitted easily between cattle?

A

The viruses are highly cell-associated and not transmitted easily

67
Q

What does MCF have a trophism for?

A

All mucosal surfaces and vascular endothelium

68
Q

What clinical signs are associated with MCF?

A

High fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, keratoconjunctivitis, weakness, ropey saliva, severe diarrhea, and sloughing of hooves

69
Q

How is MCF diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, gross and histopathologic lesions, PCR, ELISA, VN, IHC

70
Q

T/F: MCF is not a reportable disease.

A

False - it is reportable in most states

71
Q

How is MCF controlled/prevented?

A

Separate infected animals from the rest of the herd and keep cattle separate from sheep and African wildlife

72
Q

Is there a vaccine for MCF?

A

Negative ghost rider

73
Q

What causes hemorrhagic septicemia?

A

Pasteurella multocida types B and E

74
Q

During what season does hemorrhagic septicemia typically occur?

A

Rainy season

75
Q

What disease processes does hemorrhagic septicemia cause?

A

Septicemia and endotoxemia

76
Q

When do cows with hemorrhagic septicemia typically die if untreated?

A

within 8-24 hours of disease onset

77
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hemorrhagic septicemia?

A

Fever, dullness, listlessness, and edema of the head, neck, and brisket

78
Q

Why do cattle with hemorrhagic septicemia die?

A

Because they develop respiratory disress

79
Q

What lesions does hemorrhagic septicemia cause?

A

Edema of the head, neck, brisket, and musculature

Subserosal hemorrhages prominent in the pharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes

80
Q

How is hemorrhagic septicemia prevented?

A

Killed oil-adjuvanted bacterin in endemic areas

81
Q

How is hemorrhagic septicemia treated?

A

Penicillin or other antimicrobials if given early

82
Q

What causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)?

A

Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC

83
Q

How is CBPP prevented?

A

Immunization - animals remain carriers

84
Q

How is CBPP controlled?

A

Slaughter infected animals or antibiotics (animals remain carriers)

85
Q

T/F - CBPP is not a problem in the US.

A

True

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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