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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Pizzle Rot to Enterotoxemia > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Pizzle Rot to Enterotoxemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is water belly?

A

Urolithiasis

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2
Q

What causes urolithiasis?

A

High phosphorus in the diet

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3
Q

What should the Ca:P ratio be in small ruminants?

A

2:1

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4
Q

How do you prevent urolithiasis?

A

Balance rations, feed ammonium chloride, provide free choice salt, and ample fresh clean water

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5
Q

What is pizzle rot?

A

Ulcerative posthitis

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6
Q

What causes pizzle rot?

A

excessive protein in the diet and the presence of Corynebacterium renale

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7
Q

What does C. renale do?

A

It breaks down urea in urine to ammonia which irritates the mucous membranes of the prepuce

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8
Q

What lesions are associated with pizzle rot?

A

Erosions, ulcers, necrosis, crust formation, and constriction/phimosis resulting in the inability to urinate

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9
Q

How is Ulcerative posthitis prevented?

A

Reduce protein in the diet

Remove wool or hair from the preputial area

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10
Q

How is ulcerative posthitis treated?

A

Topical treatment of the lesions and surgical drainage of the lesions

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11
Q

What causes Bluetongue?

A

Orbivirus (many different serotypes)

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12
Q

What species can harbor orbivirus?

A

Deer and cattle

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13
Q

What transmits Bluetongue?

A

Culicoides (midges)

It can also be transmitted via semen and from the dam to the fetus

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14
Q

In what season does Bluetongue typically occur?

A

Mid-summer or later months

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15
Q

T/F: Suckling lambs are protected from Bluetongue by their colostral immunity in endemic areas

A

True

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16
Q

What small ruminant population gets severe disease from Bluetongue?

A

Feeder lambs

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17
Q

What does Bluetongue cause in pregnant ewes?

A

It may cause abortion at 4-8 weeks of gestation, hydrancephaly, or congenital deformities

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18
Q

What clinical signs does Bluetongue in feeder lambs?

A

High fever for 6-10 days
Hyperemic or cyanotic mucous membranes of the mouth, skin of the face and feet
Vascular damage
Erosions on mucous membranes of the mouth after 48 hours of fever
Profound depression, anorexia, and weight loss
Edema
Lameness or stiffness

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19
Q

What causes epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer?

A

Orbivirus

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20
Q

How is Bluetongue diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, several serologic tests, and virus isolation

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21
Q

How is Bluetongue prevented and controlled?

A

Vaccination (MLV)

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22
Q

What population of small ruminants should not be vaccinated against Bluetongue?

A

Pregnant ewes

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23
Q

When should vaccination against Bluetongue be done?

A

after shearing because it can cause wool break

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24
Q

What is one of the ‘big five’ causes of sheep abortions? When does it (the abortion) happen?

A

Listeriosis in the last trimester

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25
Q

What other clinical manifestations does Listeriosis cause in small ruminants?

A

Circling disease

Septicemic

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26
Q

How does the circling disease caused by Listeriosis present?

A

Unilateral facial paralysis
Roughage hanging out the side of the mouth
Will move back to same position if moved

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27
Q

Where is Listeriosis found?

A

Plant material and soil
Silage with a pH greater than 5
High ash content
Other forms of spoiled roughage

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28
Q

How is Listeriosis diagnosed?

A

Abortion - culture/histopath
CNS - CS/culture/histopath
Septicemic - culture

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29
Q

How is listeriosis prevented?

A

Prevent contamination of feed

30
Q

What differential diagnosis should be considered with listeriosis?

A

Polioencephalomalacia

31
Q

What can cause polioencephalomalacia?

A

High grain diets, high sulfur diets, corn, sugar beet, and sugarcane by-products

32
Q

How is polioencephalomalacia treated?

A

Injectable thiamine

33
Q

What is the most likely cause of focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?

A

Clostridium perfringens type D

34
Q

Most focal symmetrical encephalomalacia outbreaks occur in conjunction with what?

A

Enterotoxemia in lambs

35
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?

A

Brain abscesses, tetanus, strychnine, hypomagnesemia, and rabies

36
Q

When should ewes be immunized against tetanus?

A

at least 2-weeks prepartum

37
Q

How many times should lambs be vaccinated against tetanus and with what?

A

2x with CDT (C. perfringens type C and D and C. tetani)

38
Q

What are the reasons for tail docking?

A

Fly strike and for looks

39
Q

What happens if tails are too short after tail docking?

A

Nerve damage predisposes to rectal prolapse

40
Q

Where should a lambs tail be docked?

A

At the distal end of the caudal tail fold

41
Q

What are some reasons for/against castration?

A

Ethnic markets - some prefer intact males
Commercial - lower price for intact males
Growth rate - slows when they reach sexual maturity during breeding season
Safety

42
Q

How do ruminants with strychnine poisoning present?

A

Animals are hyperexcitable and rapidly develop spastic convulsions and die in a few hours

43
Q

What is hypomagnesemia also known as in small ruminants?

A

Grass tetany or grass staggers

44
Q

What clinical signs does hypomagnesemia cause?

A

Muscular spasms, convulsions, respiratory distress, collapse, and death

45
Q

How is hypomagnesemia treated?

A

With Mg salts

46
Q

What is the primary agent in small ruminant contagious foot rot? Other agents?

A

Primary: Dichelobacter nodosus

Other - Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes

47
Q

In what season is ovine foot rot transmitted?

A

Wet/warm season - 50-70 degrees F

48
Q

How is ovine foot rot treated in the US?

A

Parenteral abx or culling

49
Q

How is ovine foot rot prevented in the US?

A

Routine hoof trimming and footbaths (zinc sulfate)

50
Q

Describe the Australian Eradication Program for footrot.

A

Control disease as much as possible during wet and warm season
Do not treat during dry season/season of no transmission
After 10-12 weeks, inspect every hoof and cull affected sheep
Repeat inspection and culling every 4 weeks
Surveillance - cull any lame sheep

51
Q

T/F: Contagious pustular dermaitis, soremouth, Orf, and Ecthyma are all different diseases caused by the same virus; Parapoxvirus

A

False - They are all the same thing caused by 6 different strains of parapoxvirus

52
Q

T/F: Orf is readily transmitted to lambs and can transmit to the teats of the ewes from lambs,

A

True

53
Q

T/F: Orf is zoonotic.

A

True

54
Q

How is Orf vaccinated against?

A

Vaccination by scarification - take the vaccine and scratch the animal with it

55
Q

Make sure all Orf lambs are infected (before/after) weaning.

A

after

56
Q

What is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis subsp. ovis

57
Q

What are the two routes of infection of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Traumatic introduction

Inhalation and invasion through damaged buccal mucosa

58
Q

What lesions are associated with caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Abscessation of the lymphoid tissue, lungs, liver, kidneys, and other sites

59
Q

How is caseous lymphadenitis prevented?

A

Sanitation
Minimize wounds and disinfect when they occur
Immunize
Chlortetracycline in the feed

60
Q

How is caseous lymphadenitis treated?

A

Antibiotics - not really effective

Surgical removal

61
Q

T/F: Injecting formaldehyde into superficial abscesses is FDA approved

A

No

62
Q

A feeder lamb found dead without prior clinical signs is considered to have died from _________ until proven otherwise.

A

enterotoxemia

63
Q

What population of small ruminants is enterotoxemia common in?

A

Almost always feeder lambs being fed high levels of concentrates - they are the best doing lambs typically

64
Q

What causes Enterotoxemia?

A

C. perfringens type D

65
Q

What toxin causes enterotoxemia?

A

Epsilon toxin

66
Q

What does epsilon toxin act on?

A

Vascular endothelium

67
Q

What does enterotoxemia cause (general)?

A

Edema and occasionally hemorrhage in affected tissues - brain is most sensitive

68
Q

What clinical signs are associated with enterotoxemia?

A

Usually found dead
If alive - CNS signs predominate, stargazing, opisthotonos, circling, depression, stumbling, convulsions, recumbency, and rapid death

69
Q

What lesions does enterotoxemia cause?

A 
Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
Pulmonary edema
Serous effusions
Hemorrhages of the meninges, small intestine, endocardial, and subendocardial around the mitral valve
May have a colitis
70
Q

How is enterotoxemia prevented?

A

Vaccinate with CDT 2x prior to placing on full feed
Good feedbunk management
Creep feeding
Feeding Iasalocid

71
Q

How is enterotoxemia treated?

A

There really is no treatment once clinical signs appear

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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