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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 2 - Feet, Skin, Tick-Borne (Basically the misfits he threw in) > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Feet, Skin, Tick-Borne (Basically the misfits he threw in) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Blackleg?

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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2
Q

At what age does Blackleg typically occur?

A

6 months - 2 years

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3
Q

In what season in Blackleg common?

A

Summer and fall

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4
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Blackleg?

A

Crepitation, acute onset, lameness, depression, fever that transitions to normal-subnotmal body temperature

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5
Q

What lesions does Blackleg cause?

A

Acute myonecrosis with gas formation

May only have necrosis of the myocardium and diaphragm

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6
Q

How is Blackleg diagnosed?

A

Usually with clinical signs and lesions

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7
Q

What do you do during a Blackleg outbreak?

A

Immunize and treat

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8
Q

How do you treat Blackleg?

A

Local and systemic antibiotics but they are not very successful

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9
Q

Aside from during an outbreak, when do you immunize against Blackleg?

A

Vaccinate 2x two weeks apart between 2-6 months of age
Booster the yearlings
Every 5 years in cows is ok

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10
Q

Where does the Blackleg vaccination go?

A

Subcutaneous in the neck area

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11
Q

What are the etiologic agents of bovine footrot?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii

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12
Q

Acute epizootics footrot occurs in what weather?

A

dry weather

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13
Q

What environmental/housing/management conditions is associated with the enzootic form of bovine footrot?

A

Wet weather/facilities, stones, coarse stubble, frozen mud, poor hoof care, and founder

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14
Q

What differentials should be considered with bovine footrot?

A 
Wires, nails, thorns
Rough  flooring
Working cattle on concrete floors
Fractures
Bluetongue, mycoplasma, H. somni, and other diseases that can cause lameness
Corns, warts, and granulomas
Hairy heel warts (digital dermatitis)
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15
Q

How is bovine footrot prevented?

A

Improve housing or pasture conditions
Inorganic iodide
Zinc methionate as a continuous medication
Tetracycline in feed (approved)

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16
Q

How is footrot treated?

A 
Prompt treatment is critical
Clean foot and remove necrotic debris
Treat topically
Antibiotics
Footbaths
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17
Q

What is Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis also known as?

A

Hairy Heel Warts

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18
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Hairy Heel Warts?

A

Treponema species

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19
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Hairy Heel Warts?

A

Mud and manure, wet conditions, and trauma

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20
Q

How is Hairy Heel Warts treated?

A

Topical tetracycline or lincomycin

Cover with some type of bandage or boot for <3 days

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21
Q

Why are relapses of Hairy Heel Warts common?

A

Predisposing conditions are often not changed and the organisms are still present on the farm

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22
Q

Is there a vaccination for Hairy Heel Warts?

A

Yes - it may provide partial protection

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23
Q

What are the etiologic agents of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

A

Mycoplasma bovoculi
Moraxella bovis
Moraxella bovoculi

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24
Q

What allows for colonization of the etiologic agents of IBK?

A

Initial damage to conjunctiva and cornea - bright sunlight, dust, flies, and long stemmy pasture grass and weeds

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25
Q

How is IBK prevented and controlled?

A 
Cutting long stemmy pastures
Fly control
Allow cattle access to shade or building
Immunization with fimbrial bacterins
Avoid introduction of new animals during pinkeye season
Avoid excessive inbreeding
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26
Q

How do you treat IBK?

A 
Parenteral and topical antibiotics
Corticosteroids
Subconjunctival injection of antibiotic and steroid (not AMDUCA approved)
Suturing eyelids closed
Eye patch
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27
Q

What causes lymphosarcoma in cattle?

A

Bovine leukemia virus

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28
Q

When does infection of BLV usually occur?

A

Before 3 years of age

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29
Q

How is BLV transmitted?

A

By any method that transfers lymphocytes - dehorning, castration, bleeding, insects, semen, and embryo transfer
Transplacental transmission occurs in about 20% of calves born to infected dams

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30
Q

What clinical disease does BLV cause?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes anywhere in the body
Compression or displacement of other tissues
Persistent lymphocytosis

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31
Q

When does lymphosarcoma clinical disease typically present?

A

5-8 years old - they are over 2 years of age

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32
Q

What clinical signs is associated with the subacute form of lymphosarcoma?

A

Anemia, anorexia, weakness, and death

33
Q

What clinical signs/lesions are associated with the peracute form of lymphosarcoma?

A

Adrenal involvement, abomasal ulcers, and splenic rupture

34
Q

How is lymphosarcoma diagnosed?

A

AGID for antibodies to p24 or gp60
PCR for provirus DNA
Lymphocyte counts

35
Q

What do you need to differentiate BLV lymphosarcoma from?

A

Other forms of lymphosarcoma that occur in younger cattle and calves

36
Q

What has to be done to establish a BLV clean herd?

A

Test all animals and cull positives if economically feasibe

37
Q

If herd incidence is high, how is BLV controlled?

A 
Segregate positives from negatives
Don't re-use needles or syringes
Prevent all blood transfer
Separate calves from cows at birth and rear separately
Feed pasteurized colostrum and milk
AI all cows
Disinfect or use OB sleeve on every cow
38
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Heartwater disease?

A

Ehrlichia ruminantium

39
Q

What can transmit Ehrlichia ruminantum?

A

Amblyomma ticks

40
Q

What species are susceptible to Heartwater diseasE?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, and other ruminants

Deer are highly susceptible

41
Q

What species may be subclinical carriers for Heartwater?

A

Wildebeests

42
Q

What does Ehlrichia attack?

A

vascular endothelium

43
Q

What lesions/clinical disease does Heartwater cause?

A

Pneumonia, hydropericardium, and hydrothorax

44
Q

What is the case fatality rate of Heartwater?

A

Virtually 100%

45
Q

How is Heartwater prevented?

A

Tick control and quarantine in the face of an outbreak

46
Q

Is Heartwater disease an issue in the US?

47
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Q-fever?

A

Coxiella burnetii

48
Q

T/F: Q-fever causes subclinical disease in cows and there is a concern for transmission of it to humans.

49
Q

What causes Rift Valley Fever?

A

Bunya virus

50
Q

What species are resistant to Rift Valley Fever?

A

Birds and swine

51
Q

How is Rift Valley Fever transmitted?

A

By mosquitoes and midges

It can transmit through broken skin and mucosae if handling infectious materials

52
Q

What clinical signs do ruminants show that have Rift Valley Fever?

A

Fever, vomiting, and acute hepatitis
Recurring epizootics of abortions
20% mortality in adults
100% mortality in the young

53
Q

What clinical signs does Rift Valley Fever cause in other (non-ruminant) species?

A

Fever, hepatitis, and leukopenia

54
Q

What is the best method for control of Rift Valley Fever?

A

Immunization of animals is the best

55
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Lumpy Skin Disease?

A

Capripoxvirus

56
Q

What lesion does Lumpy Skin Disease cause?

A

Multiple granulomatous skin nodules

57
Q

What are the etiologic agents of Texas Cattle Fever?

A

Babesia bovis or Babesia bigemina

58
Q

What transmits Texas Cattle Fever?

A

Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus

59
Q

What age of cattle has the most severe clinical presentation with Texas Cattle Fever?

A

Yearlings and adults

60
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Texas Cattle Fever?

A

High fever
Severe anemia - hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria
Jaundice in subate cases

61
Q

How is Texas Cattle Fever controlled?

A

Repeated insecticide dipping of tick-infested cattle had been the main method of control

62
Q

What is the etiologic agent of East Coast Fever?

A

Theileria parva

63
Q

What transmits Theileria parva?

A

Rhipicephalus sp.

64
Q

What species are susceptible to East Coast Fever?

A

Cattle and Indian water buffalo

65
Q

What clinical signs are associated with East Coast Fever?

A

Fever, enlarged lymph nodes, diarrhea, frothy nasal discharge, corneal opacity, and death in 18-30 days

66
Q

What lesions does East Coast Fever cause?

A

Hemorrhagic, hyperemic, or edematous lymph nodes
Severe pulmonary edema
Ulceration and hemorrhage in the entire GI tract is common
Hepatomegally, splenomegally
Myocardial degeneration

67
Q

How are cattle immunized against East Coast Fever?

A

Theileria sporozoites are administered to the cattle
Simultaneous administration of long-acting OxyTet is given
They have an asymptomatic or mild disease episode and then they develop life-long immunity

68
Q

What are the incubator areas for Bacillus anthracis?

A

Regions where there is soil with high N and where there is alternate flooding and drying

69
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis cause in Cattle and Sheep?

A

Acute to peracute septicemia and toxemia and death

70
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis cause in horses?

A

Colic, edema of the head, neck, and shoulders

71
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis cause in swine, dogs, and cats?

A

Lesions localized to the pharyngeal area

72
Q

What clinical disease does Bacillus anthracis cause in humans?

A

Malignant carbuncle, gastroenteritis, and respiratory infection

73
Q

What should you not do if anthrax is a suspected cause of death?

A

You should not open the carcass

74
Q

How is anthrax diagnosed?

A

Take an ear slice and do an impression smear

Culture - typical colonies, penicillin susceptibility

75
Q

T/F: Immunity is life long if an anthrax infected host survives.

76
Q

What immunizing agents are available for anthrax?

A

Animals - modified live and acapsular

Humans - killed strain

77
Q

How is anthrax treated?

A

Penicillin or tetracycline in animals

Ciprofloxacin in humans

78
Q

How is spread of anthrax controlled?

A

Burning or deep burial of infected carcasses

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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