Unit 1 - Mastitis (Part 3 and 4) Flashcards
Why is it not recommended to use a strip cup?
Because it can act as a major fomite
What is one of the best technique for identifying early clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis?
Forestripping
If an udder is infected, what will it feel like on palpation?
It will be hot and swollen - chances are high it is painful as well
How is the milking machine powered?
via vacuum
What controls the air pressure in the pulsation chamber?
The pulsator (60:40 or 50:50 are most common ratios)
What are the negative effects of severe vacuum fluctuation?
Milk impaction on teat ends and bacteria in the milk or teat ends can be forced into the quarter
What is the objective of pre-milking udder hygiene?
To reduce the bacterial contamination on teats immediately before machine attachment and to minimize the number of bacteria and sediment in the milk
Aside from evaluating for mastitis, what is the purpose of fore-stripping?
To get rid of the poorest fraction of milk
What type of mastitis does pre-milking teat dipping help prevent?
environmental mastitis
When should the milking machine be applied post udder preparation?
90 - 120 seconds after initiation
Post-milking teat dipping can reduce new infection rates by as much as ____%.
70%
What steps of the milking process can robotic milking systems do?
The entire udder prep, milking functions, and post-milking teat dipping
What environmental conditions may increase mastitis?
Overcrowding, poorly designed stalls, and poor sanitation, ventilation, and nutrition
How long may the teat sphincter remain open post milking?
2 hours; this is why having a clean environment is so important
What type of mastitis frequently follows heat waves in the summer?
Coliform
Are housed or pasture cows at a greater risk of environmental mastitis?
housed cows
What is the preferred bedding type for dairy cows?
sand and lime
How can stray voltage affect cows during milking?
It can cause poor milk let-down, refusal to eat or drink from metal feeders and bowls, and ultimately mastitis
What vaccines are recommended to treat S. aureus mastitis?
E. coli or Salmonella core bacterins - J5 or Endovac-Bovi
When are vaccines for S. aureus mastitis given?
A month before the beginning of lactation and once or twice during lactation
Aside from vaccination, what other methods can be used for prevention of mastitis?
Genetic control, calf milk pasteurizer, and formic acid treatment of waste milk and colostrum
How is genetic control used to prevent mastitis?
The data used from identification of loci is used to score for feed efficiency, milk production, reproductive efficiency, etc.
The genetically superior cows will get the good semen and more attention so that they can have superior offspring.
The genetically average get the okay semen or aren’t bred at al.
What pathogen in milk can formic acid be used to treat and prevent transmission to calves?
Mycoplasma
What is the treatment of choice for S. agalactiae positive cows?
Intramammary penicillin or penicillin + novobiocin
After treating cows that are S. agalactiae positive you should culture them. If it is positive you are supposed to re-treat them again. What should you do if you get a positive after your third culture?
Kill em
Why is blitz treatment for S. agalactiae not recommended?
Because the chronics remain in the herd - they need to be cultured and culled
If you have a chronic S. aureus cow, what may be your only option if they do not respond to treatment?
Cull them
When is the highest incidence of new mastitis cases?
In the first two weeks of the dry period and two weeks on either side of parturition
True or False: Treatment with an antimicrobial at dry off leads to antimicrobial resistance and does more harm than good.
False = it is very beneficial
Why is dry off therapy beneficial?
Higher persistency products can be used, drugs are not eliminated from the udder by milking, damaged tissue may be regenerated, and saleable milk is not contaminated with drug residues
What is dry cow therapy not effective in doing?
reducing new infections caused by environmental organisms
What do teat sealants do?
They form a plug that is somewhat analogous to the keratin plug - this should not be done if the quarter is infected
What is the criteria for selective dry cow therapy?
< 200,000 SCC the last three months of lactation
Not treated for mastitis in the last 30 days
History of good udder health in selected cows
Good mastitis control in the herd
Use of teat sealants
Exquisite technique for infusing teat sealants and dry cow treatments
Poor milk production in sheep leads to what?
Increased lamb mortality, disease, and poor weight gain
What causative agents are unique to sheep for mastitis?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis or ovine progressive pneumonia
How is mastitis in sheep prevented?
Decrease rations for dry-off/weaning
What treatment methods can be used for treatment of mastitis in sheep?
Parenteral and intrammary infusion
What type of milk secretion do goats do/have?
Apocrine secretion
When during the estrous cycle do SCCs increase in goats?
during estrus
What is a normal number of SCC/ml in goats?
1,500,000
What agent causes mastitis in goats and can also produce large abscesses?
S. aureus
What Mycoplasma species causes a highly contagious form of mastitis?
Mycoplasma putrefaciens
Is mastitis in mares common or rare?
Rare
If a mare is to get mastitis, when does it typically occur?
within a few weeks after weaning the foal
What is the most common mastitis isolate in the mare?
S. zooepidemicus
What mammary gland structure variation in a mare results in a greater chance of obtaining a contaminated sample for culture?
Shorter teats and multiple teat openings
How can mastitis in mares be treated?
Oral, IM, or IV antimicrobials
Hot packs and frequent milking
What is mastitis in sows almost always due to?
E. coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae
How is mastitis in sows prevented?
Cleanliness, disinfection of farrowing house, avoidance of stresses, and possibly antibiotics in feed
Why is it difficult to get a sample from a sow to culture?
Because each mammary gland may have up to 3 subcomplexes with separate openings
True or False: Most cases of mastitis in a sow clear up spontaneously.
True
What is recommended to treat pain in sows with mastitis?
NSAIDs
What clinical signs are associated with mastitis in small animals?
Warm, swollen mammary glands, pyrexia, malaise, unthrifty or dead pups, and abscessation
How is mastitis in small animals treated?
Hot packs, systemic antibiotics, NSAIDs
