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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Reproductive > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common diagnosis for abortions?

A

Unknown cause

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2
Q

What percentage of ovine abortions have a diagnosed cause?

A

30-50% - 70-80% of which are infectious

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3
Q

What are the ‘three’ most common causes of abortion?

A

Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus
Toxoplasma gondii
Chlamydia abortus

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4
Q

When diagnosing the cause of abortion in small ruminants, what samples are important to submit?

A

The fetus and the placenta

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5
Q

What is the most common Campylobacter species that causes abortion in the US?

A

C. jejuni

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6
Q

What are the two strains of C. jejuni that cause abortions?

A

Hypervirulent and Sheep abortion

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7
Q

Where is C. jejuni carried?

A

In the intestinal tract

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8
Q

How is C. jejuni transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

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9
Q

Is Campylobacter abortion more common in sheep or goats?

A

Sheep

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10
Q

T/F: Sheep show non-specific signs of disease when infected with Campylobacter.

A

False - there are no premonitory signs of disease; the ewe isn’t sick

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11
Q

When does Campylobacter abortion happen?

A

In the last 6 weeks of gestation

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter abortion?

A

Campylobacter colonizes in the intestines and causes bacteremia. Bacteria gets to the placentomes resulting in placentitis and fetal infection

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13
Q

What placental lesions does Campylobacter cause?

A

Non-specific: Yellowish foci on cotyledons to yellowish exudate covering the whole cotyledon

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14
Q

What other lesions does Campylobacter cause?

A

Necrotic foci on the liver in 40% of aborted lambs

Generalized autolysis of the fetus and blood-tinged edema

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15
Q

How is Campylobacter diagnosed?

A

Gross liver lesions
Darkfield or phase contrast of cotyledons, fetal stomach contents, and vaginal discharge
Culture
FA or IHC in some labs

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16
Q

What is the ‘treatment’ for Campylobacter abortion?

A

Draxxin or other long-acting macrolides

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17
Q

How do you prevent Campylobacter infection?

A

Do not mix ewes when they are pregnant

Immunization

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18
Q

What species of Campylobacter do its bacterins contain?

A

C. fetus ss fetus and C. jejuni

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19
Q

What is the protocol for Campylobacter immunization in ewe lambs and previously unimmunized ewes?

A

One dose pre-breeding

Second dose at 3-4 months of gestation

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20
Q

What is the protocol for Campylobacter immunization in previously immunized ewes?

A

One dose at 3-4 months of gestation

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21
Q

What is the etiologic agent of enzootic abortion?

A

Chlamydia abortus

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22
Q

When does infection for enzootic abortion occur? From what?

A

At any time from fecal-oral or from aborted fetus

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23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of enzootic abortion?

A

The organism usually stays in the intestine until the last trimester. During the last trimester, the organism enters the blood stream and infects the fetus.
Abortion typically occurs 30-40 days following infection (in pregnant ewes)

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24
Q

T/F: If a pregnant ewe is infected from an aborted fetus/vaginal discharge, she usually does not abort until the subsequent pregnancy.

A

True

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25
Q

Ewes and does may have _____ discharge 2-3 days before aborting due to Chlamydia.

A

yellowish

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26
Q

What does a Chlamydia infected placenta look like?

A

Cotyledons are necrotic, gray-brown in color with areas of leathery consistency

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27
Q

What lesions does Chlamydia cause in aborted fetuses?

A

Focal necrosis, hemorrhage, enlarged lymph nodes, ascites, and increased pleural fluid
Not pathognomonic

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28
Q

How is Chlamydia diagnosed?

A 
Gross lesions
Exfoliative cytology 
IHC of impression smears or sections of cotyledons
IIFA
Serodiagnosis
Culture
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29
Q

How do you treat/prevent chlamydia infection?

A

Feed tetracycline during the last semester

Immunization - killed bacterins in the US

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30
Q

Where is Toxoplasma gondii harbored?

A

In cats

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31
Q

Clinical signs/lesions from T. gondii are dependent upon when the fetus was infected. What occurs if the fetus is infected at 0-2 months?

A

Fetus is resporbed

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32
Q

Clinical signs/lesions from T. gondii are dependent upon when the fetus was infected. What occurs if the fetus is infected at mid-gestation?

A

Abortion

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33
Q

Clinical signs/lesions from T. gondii are dependent upon when the fetus was infected. What occurs if the fetus is infected in the last trimester?

A

Mummies, stillbirths, and weak lambs/kids

34
Q

What is the preferred method for diagnosis of T. gondii?

A

Detecting antibody in pre-suckling blood or fetal fluids

35
Q

What are other methods of T. gondii diagnosis?

A

Antibody in post-suckle blood
Latex agglutination
IHC
Placental lesions

36
Q

What placental lesions does T. gondii cause?

A

Focal necrosis and calcification of cotyledonary villi

37
Q

How is T. gondii infection prevented?

A

Keep cats away from sheep feed

38
Q

What Salmonella species cause salmonella abortions?

A

S. typhimurium, S. arizonae, S. dublin, and S. abortus-ovis (Europe)

39
Q

How do ewes with Salmonella infections present?

A

They are sick

40
Q

What lesions/CS does Salmonella cause?

A

Septicemia and placentitis

Dark vaginal discharge

41
Q

what does Salmonella do to the fetus?

42
Q

How is Salmonella diagnosed?

A

Selective media

43
Q

How is Salmonella abortion treated?

A

Ampicillin

44
Q

How is Salmonella abortion prevented?

A

Prevent crowding and poor sanitation

Immunization

45
Q

What causes Border disease?

A

Pestivirus

46
Q

What occurs if a ewe gets Border Disease at 0-70 days of gestation?

A

Fetal death, resorption, abortion, mummies

Immunotolerance - persistent infection

47
Q

What occurs if a ewe gets Border Disease at 70-90 days of gestation?

A

Immune competence

48
Q

What occurs if a ewe gets Border Disease between 90 and 147-151 (the end) days of gestation?

A 
Congenital anomalies and weak lambs closer to the 90 mark
normal lambs (later on)
49
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Border Disease?

A

Barren ewes or ewes that give birth to weak and hairy lambs

50
Q

What lesions does Border Disease cause in fetuses?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, and microgyra

51
Q

How is Border disease diagnosed?

A

Histopath on aborted fetuses
FA and virus isolation
Serum neutralization

52
Q

How is Border disease prevented/controlled?

A

Do not mix pregnant sheep and goats with cattle

+/- Exposure of replacement ewes before breeding

53
Q

Is there a vaccination for Border Disease?

54
Q

What does mucosal disease in PI border disease lambs cause?

A

Persistent diarrhea

Death in 3-14 days

55
Q

What does Brucella ovis cause?

A

Ram epididymitis
Late-term abortion, stillbirths, and weak lambs
Necrotic and suppurative placentitis

56
Q

How is Brucella ovis transmitted?

A

Venereally from ewes to rams

57
Q

How is Brucella ovis infection diagnosed?

A

Serology or culture

58
Q

T/F: Brucella ovis immunized rams are serologically positive.

59
Q

Is B. mellitensis a problem for sheep or goats?

60
Q

Is Leptospiral abortion a problem in sheep or goats?

61
Q

What are the most common Leptospira serovars that cause abortions in goats?

A

Grippotyphosa and pomona

62
Q

When does leptospiral abortion occur?

A

At the time of leptospiremia

63
Q

What clinical disease does leptospira cause?

A

Icterus, hemoglobinuria, anemia, and fever

64
Q

How is Leptospira infection diagnoseD?

A

Serology and histopath

65
Q

T/F: Immunization for Leptospira is recommended for goats

66
Q

What are the two phases of Coxiella burnetii infection?

A

Phase I - highly infectious and the most commonly isolated

Phase II - Antigenically distinct and less infectious

67
Q

How is Coxiella burnetii spread?

A

Via the respiratory route among ruminants
Discharge from reproductive tract
Milk and urine

68
Q

Is Coxiella burnetii infection more common in sheep or goats?

69
Q

How do Coxiella abortions present?

A

There are occasional outbreaks of weak lambs/kids and abortions

70
Q

What does Coxiella do to the placenta?

A

Copious gray-brown exudate covering the placenta and inflammation of the intercotyledonary areas

71
Q

How is Coxiella abortion diagnosed?

A

Lesions
Gimenez- FA- or IHC- stained organisms
PCR on placental tissue
Q-Fever antibody test kit

72
Q

Is there a vaccine for Coxiella?

A

Yes, but only in Europe

73
Q

What causes arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in small ruminants?

A

Infection in early gestation with Cache Valley Fever Virus

74
Q

What is Cache Valley Fever Virus transmitted by?

75
Q

What lesions does Cache Valley Fever Virus cause?

A

Congenital AGH, poor muscle development, abortion, dystocia, weak lambs, and kids
Back may be twisted or bent
Jaw shortened

76
Q

How is arthrogryposis/hydranencephaly prevented?

A

Avoid breeding during the mosquito season

77
Q

T/F: Spider lambs are caused by a virus.

A

False - they are a result of a genetic defect, not due to a virus

78
Q

What does caprine herpesvirus 1 cause?

A

Abortions with a fresh or autolyzed fetus

Necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in the liver, lungs etc

79
Q

How is CHV-1 diagnosed?

A

VI, PCR, or IHC

80
Q

What are some general practices for prevention of abortion in small ruminants?

A

Immunize: Campy, Chlamydia, and others if available
Do not feed ewes on the ground
Prevent contamination of feed
Neuter cats and maintain a stable population
Feeding CTC (chlortetracycline) the last 6 weeks of gestation
House first lambing ewes and replacement ewes separately
Do not mix groups of pregnant ewes
Do not bed pregnant ewes with bedding from lambing areas
Avoid stresses and crowding

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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