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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 2 - Bovine Neonatal Enteric Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Bovine Neonatal Enteric Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What management practices are important for preventing bovine enteric diseases?

A

Housing and sanitation are critical
Dry environment
Excellent ventilation

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2
Q

What are some adverse environmental conditions for beef calves?

A

Cold, rain, mud, and manure

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3
Q

Calves should have a minimum of ___-____ quarts of high quality within the first ___ of birth.

A

2-3; hour

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4
Q

When do calves need to have their necessary colostrum by?

A

Griffy says within the first 5-6 hours

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5
Q

What is the target IgG/liter concentration for calf plasma?

A

10g IgG/plasma

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6
Q

What are the ways to test for FPT?

A

Radial immunodiffusion, refractometry, ELISAs, Precipitation tests, and gelation tests

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7
Q

What is the easiest way to test for FPT? What is the caveat with this method?

A

Refractometry - it doesn’t detect super low levels

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8
Q

E. coli targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

A

<3-5 days of age

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9
Q

C. perfringens targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

A

1-3 days of age

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10
Q

AEEC targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

A

3-30 days of age

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11
Q

Rota and Corona target and cause disease in calves that are what age?

A

5-15 days of age

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12
Q

Cryptosporidium targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

A

5-35 days of age

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13
Q

Salmonella targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

A

> 14 days of age

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14
Q

Nutritional causes of disease typically occur to calves that are how old?

A

<21 days of age

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15
Q

T/F: In most cases of enteric disease you will find most disease agents with the exception of Cryptosporidium.

A

False - with the exception of Salmonella

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16
Q

What determines the dominant agents in enteric diseases in calves?

A

The immune status of colostrum/calf

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17
Q

What type of E. coli causes 90% of E. coli diarrheas in calves that are less than 4 days of age?

A

F5 (K99) fimbrial type

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18
Q

How can calves with E. coli enteritis (colibacillosis) present?

A

They can have an enteritis and septicemia with respiratory signs

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19
Q

What type of diarrhea will calves with colibacillosis have?

A

profuse watery to pasty diarrhea

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20
Q

How is colibacillosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Post-mortem ‘lesions’
Bovine enteric panel (ISU)
Detection of F5 fimbrial antigen in feces

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21
Q

T/F - Rectal temperature in calves with cocibacillosis is normal.

A

True

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22
Q

What post-mortem lesions do calves with colibacillosis have?

A

Fluid is present in the small intestine

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23
Q

What is included on the ISU bovine enteric panel?

A

Rota, Corona, Salmonella, K99 E. coli, Cryptosporidium parvum

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24
Q

How is colibacillosis prevented?

A

Immunization- F5 fimbrial-type bacterin

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25
Q

When should cows be vaccinated for E. coli?

A

6 and 3 or 4 weeks before calving
At dry off in dairy cows
If a wet, muddy spring is predicted or happening

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26
Q

How is colibacillosis treated?

A

Fluids and antibiotics (most helpful if septic)

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27
Q

What is AEEC?

A

Attaching effacing E. coli

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28
Q

T/F: The K99 E. coli strain produces enterotoxins and AEEC does not.

A

True

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29
Q

What toxin may AEEC produce?

A

Shiga-like toxin

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30
Q

Where does AAEC attach?

A

To both small and large intestine

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31
Q

Where does AAEC cause the most damage?

A

Large intestine

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32
Q

What lesions does AAEC cause in the large intestine?

A

Focal hemorrhage in large intestine

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33
Q

What three Salmonella species cause Salmonellosis in calves?

A

S. typhimurium, S. 1,4,[5], 12 i-, and S. dublin

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34
Q

What may S. 1,4,[5], 12 i- have a resistance to?

A

ASSuT - Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Sulfa, Tetracycline

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35
Q

What does the enteric form of S. dublin cause?

A

Protein-losing enteropathy

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36
Q

What does the septicemic form of S. dublin cause?

A

DIC

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37
Q

What is the main lesion that Salmonellosis diagnosis is made based on?

A

The markedly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes: they may be larger in diameter than the intestine

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38
Q

Aside from the lesions it causes, how can Salmonellosis be diagnosed?

A

Culture of intestinal content/tissues and the bovine enteric PCR panel on feces or intestinal content

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39
Q

What management practices can be done to prevent Salmonellosis?

A

Pasteurization of waste milk for calves (because it can be shed in milk)
Sanitation for cows
Thorough sanitation of feeding equipment for dairy calves
Disinfection of pens
All-in-all-out system
Cull carriers

40
Q

What vaccines can be used to prevent Salmonellosis?

A

Siderophore Receptor Protein and Porins vaccine (SRP)
Modified live Dublin
Rough core mutants - J5 (not much value)

41
Q

How is Salmonellosis treated?

A

Antimicrobials, fluids, electrolytes, and NSAIDs

42
Q

T/F: Clostridial enteritis is not common in cattle

A

True

43
Q

What can cause severe abomasitis in cattle?

A

C. perfringens Type A

44
Q

What can cause necrotic enteritis in cattle?

A

C. perfringens Type C

45
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Clostridial enteritis in cattle?

A

Depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rapid death

46
Q

What diarrhea can Clostridial enteritis cause in neonates?

A

Hemorrhagic diarrhea

47
Q

How is Clostridial enteritis diagnosed?

A

Based on lesions (hemorrhagic enteritis in neonates) and large numbers of organisms on histopath

48
Q

What age range is associated with enterotoxemia in calves?

A

6-24 months

49
Q

What causes enterotoxemia?

A

C. perfringens Type D

50
Q

What calves does enterotoxemia typically effect?

A

Thrify, well-fed calves

51
Q

What clinical signs are associated with enterotoxemia?

A

Sudden death - you may see neurologic signs or just dead calves

52
Q

How is enterotoxemia prevented?

A

Immunization of cows and calves as well as good sanitation practices

53
Q

What disease does C. noyvi type B cause?

A

Black disease, malignant edema, gas gangrene

54
Q

What disease does C. perfringens type C cause?

A

Necrotic enteritis

55
Q

What disease does C. perfringens type D cause?

A

Enterotoxemia

56
Q

What disease does C. septicum cause?

A

Malignant edema, gas gangrene, and enterotoxemia

57
Q

What disease does C. chauvoei cause?

A

Blackleg

58
Q

What disease does Paeniclostridium sordellii cause?

A

Enterotoxemia (sudden death syndrome) and malignant edema

59
Q

What disease does C. hemolyticum cause?

A

Red water disease

60
Q

What disease does C. tetani cause?

A

Tetanus

61
Q

What disease does C. perfringens type A cause?

A

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers and tympany, gas gangrene, sudden death

62
Q

What is one of the most common causes of neonatal diarrhea in calves?

A

Rotavirus

63
Q

Rotavirus has a (low/high) infectious dose.

A

Low

64
Q

What Rotavirus serogroup predominates in causing clinical disease in neonates?

A

Serogroup A

65
Q

When does Rotavirus infection occur?

A

Most calves become infected within 2 to 3 days following parturition despite the presence of colostral antibodies

66
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Rotavirus infection?

A

Diarrhea in calves about 5-15 days of age

67
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus infection?

A

The virus invades the small intestinal epithelium and the infected cells are destroyed

68
Q

What do you see grossly in the intestines with Rotavirus infection?

A

Thinning of the intestinal mucosa

69
Q

How is Rotavirus infection diagnosed?

A

Antigen ELISA, IHC, PRC for porcine A, B, and C

70
Q

How is rotavirus prevented?

A

MLV oral vaccine for calves and vaccination in cows

71
Q

How do you treat a Rotavirus infection?

A

Fluids and control/treatment of secondary invaders

72
Q

How is coronavirus (cue Cardi B.) spread?

A

Via fecal-oral and a respiratory route

73
Q

Where does coronavirus attack?

A

Both the small and large intestine

74
Q

How may calves present with coronavirus infection?

A

Straining and passage of blood or mucus

75
Q

How is coronavirus prevented?

A

Sanitation and vaccination (questionable benefit)

76
Q

What Crypto species affects calves?

A

C. parvum

77
Q

Where does crypto multiply?

A

In enterocytes of the distal small intestine and large intestine

78
Q

T/F - Crypto is capable of auto-infecting its host

A

True

79
Q

T/F - Crypto is immediately infective

A

True

80
Q

What causes diarrhea in crypto cases?

A

Milk is not digested properly, ferments in the gut which leads to diarrhea

81
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Crypto?

A

Foamy to watery diarrhea +/- milk, +/- blood, +/- mucus, +/- bile

82
Q

How is crypto prevented?

A

Sanitation; vaccines are under investigation

83
Q

What is the treatment for crypto?

A

There is no FDA approved treatment for crypto - there is an equine EPM drug (Ponazuril) that could be used but it is not intended for food

84
Q

What are the main agents of coccidiosis?

A

Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii

85
Q

What predisposing/precipitating factors can make calves and yearlings susceptible to coccidiosis?

A

Crowding, poor environmental conditions, and wet weather

86
Q

Feedlot cattle get coccidiosis (seasonally/not seasonally) whereas housed calves get coccidiosis (seasonally/not seasonally).

A

seasonally (Jan-Mar); not seasonally

87
Q

What cells does coccidiosis attack?

A

epithelium of the large intestine

88
Q

What GI clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?

A

Blood in the feces, diarrhea, and tenesmus

89
Q

What CNS clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?

A

Ataxia, depression, recumbency

Opisthotonos, hyperesthesia, tremors, frothing at the mouth, bellowing, convulsions

90
Q

How is coccidiosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, rule out other causes, and demonstrate organism in feces with an acid fast stain

91
Q

How is coccidiosis controlled?

A

Sanitation (avoid fecal contamination), isolate clinically affected animals and treat, and reduce stocking density

92
Q

How is coccidiosis prevented?

A

Coccidiostats are routinely added to feed

93
Q

What coccidiostats are used to prevent coccidiosis?

A

Rumensin, Bovatec, Decoquinate

94
Q

How is coccidiosis treated?

A

Amprolium for 5 days
Sulfaquinoxaline 3-5 days: feedlot
Sulfamethazine 5 days

95
Q

What are some other causes of neonatal diarrhea?

A

BVD, caliciviruses, bredavirus, and giardia

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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