Unit 2 - Bovine Neonatal Enteric Diseases Flashcards
What management practices are important for preventing bovine enteric diseases?
Housing and sanitation are critical
Dry environment
Excellent ventilation
What are some adverse environmental conditions for beef calves?
Cold, rain, mud, and manure
Calves should have a minimum of ___-____ quarts of high quality within the first ___ of birth.
2-3; hour
When do calves need to have their necessary colostrum by?
Griffy says within the first 5-6 hours
What is the target IgG/liter concentration for calf plasma?
10g IgG/plasma
What are the ways to test for FPT?
Radial immunodiffusion, refractometry, ELISAs, Precipitation tests, and gelation tests
What is the easiest way to test for FPT? What is the caveat with this method?
Refractometry - it doesn’t detect super low levels
E. coli targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?
<3-5 days of age
C. perfringens targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?
1-3 days of age
AEEC targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?
3-30 days of age
Rota and Corona target and cause disease in calves that are what age?
5-15 days of age
Cryptosporidium targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?
5-35 days of age
Salmonella targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?
> 14 days of age
Nutritional causes of disease typically occur to calves that are how old?
<21 days of age
T/F: In most cases of enteric disease you will find most disease agents with the exception of Cryptosporidium.
False - with the exception of Salmonella
What determines the dominant agents in enteric diseases in calves?
The immune status of colostrum/calf
What type of E. coli causes 90% of E. coli diarrheas in calves that are less than 4 days of age?
F5 (K99) fimbrial type
How can calves with E. coli enteritis (colibacillosis) present?
They can have an enteritis and septicemia with respiratory signs
What type of diarrhea will calves with colibacillosis have?
profuse watery to pasty diarrhea
How is colibacillosis diagnosed?
Clinical signs
Post-mortem ‘lesions’
Bovine enteric panel (ISU)
Detection of F5 fimbrial antigen in feces
T/F - Rectal temperature in calves with cocibacillosis is normal.
True
What post-mortem lesions do calves with colibacillosis have?
Fluid is present in the small intestine
What is included on the ISU bovine enteric panel?
Rota, Corona, Salmonella, K99 E. coli, Cryptosporidium parvum
How is colibacillosis prevented?
Immunization- F5 fimbrial-type bacterin
When should cows be vaccinated for E. coli?
6 and 3 or 4 weeks before calving
At dry off in dairy cows
If a wet, muddy spring is predicted or happening
How is colibacillosis treated?
Fluids and antibiotics (most helpful if septic)
What is AEEC?
Attaching effacing E. coli
T/F: The K99 E. coli strain produces enterotoxins and AEEC does not.
True
What toxin may AEEC produce?
Shiga-like toxin
Where does AAEC attach?
To both small and large intestine
Where does AAEC cause the most damage?
Large intestine
What lesions does AAEC cause in the large intestine?
Focal hemorrhage in large intestine
What three Salmonella species cause Salmonellosis in calves?
S. typhimurium, S. 1,4,[5], 12 i-, and S. dublin
What may S. 1,4,[5], 12 i- have a resistance to?
ASSuT - Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Sulfa, Tetracycline
What does the enteric form of S. dublin cause?
Protein-losing enteropathy
What does the septicemic form of S. dublin cause?
DIC
What is the main lesion that Salmonellosis diagnosis is made based on?
The markedly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes: they may be larger in diameter than the intestine
Aside from the lesions it causes, how can Salmonellosis be diagnosed?
Culture of intestinal content/tissues and the bovine enteric PCR panel on feces or intestinal content
What management practices can be done to prevent Salmonellosis?
Pasteurization of waste milk for calves (because it can be shed in milk)
Sanitation for cows
Thorough sanitation of feeding equipment for dairy calves
Disinfection of pens
All-in-all-out system
Cull carriers
What vaccines can be used to prevent Salmonellosis?
Siderophore Receptor Protein and Porins vaccine (SRP)
Modified live Dublin
Rough core mutants - J5 (not much value)
How is Salmonellosis treated?
Antimicrobials, fluids, electrolytes, and NSAIDs
T/F: Clostridial enteritis is not common in cattle
True
What can cause severe abomasitis in cattle?
C. perfringens Type A
What can cause necrotic enteritis in cattle?
C. perfringens Type C
What clinical signs are associated with Clostridial enteritis in cattle?
Depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rapid death
What diarrhea can Clostridial enteritis cause in neonates?
Hemorrhagic diarrhea
How is Clostridial enteritis diagnosed?
Based on lesions (hemorrhagic enteritis in neonates) and large numbers of organisms on histopath
What age range is associated with enterotoxemia in calves?
6-24 months
What causes enterotoxemia?
C. perfringens Type D
What calves does enterotoxemia typically effect?
Thrify, well-fed calves
What clinical signs are associated with enterotoxemia?
Sudden death - you may see neurologic signs or just dead calves
How is enterotoxemia prevented?
Immunization of cows and calves as well as good sanitation practices
What disease does C. noyvi type B cause?
Black disease, malignant edema, gas gangrene
What disease does C. perfringens type C cause?
Necrotic enteritis
What disease does C. perfringens type D cause?
Enterotoxemia
What disease does C. septicum cause?
Malignant edema, gas gangrene, and enterotoxemia
What disease does C. chauvoei cause?
Blackleg
What disease does Paeniclostridium sordellii cause?
Enterotoxemia (sudden death syndrome) and malignant edema
What disease does C. hemolyticum cause?
Red water disease
What disease does C. tetani cause?
Tetanus
What disease does C. perfringens type A cause?
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers and tympany, gas gangrene, sudden death
What is one of the most common causes of neonatal diarrhea in calves?
Rotavirus
Rotavirus has a (low/high) infectious dose.
Low
What Rotavirus serogroup predominates in causing clinical disease in neonates?
Serogroup A
When does Rotavirus infection occur?
Most calves become infected within 2 to 3 days following parturition despite the presence of colostral antibodies
What clinical signs are associated with Rotavirus infection?
Diarrhea in calves about 5-15 days of age
What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus infection?
The virus invades the small intestinal epithelium and the infected cells are destroyed
What do you see grossly in the intestines with Rotavirus infection?
Thinning of the intestinal mucosa
How is Rotavirus infection diagnosed?
Antigen ELISA, IHC, PRC for porcine A, B, and C
How is rotavirus prevented?
MLV oral vaccine for calves and vaccination in cows
How do you treat a Rotavirus infection?
Fluids and control/treatment of secondary invaders
How is coronavirus (cue Cardi B.) spread?
Via fecal-oral and a respiratory route
Where does coronavirus attack?
Both the small and large intestine
How may calves present with coronavirus infection?
Straining and passage of blood or mucus
How is coronavirus prevented?
Sanitation and vaccination (questionable benefit)
What Crypto species affects calves?
C. parvum
Where does crypto multiply?
In enterocytes of the distal small intestine and large intestine
T/F - Crypto is capable of auto-infecting its host
True
T/F - Crypto is immediately infective
True
What causes diarrhea in crypto cases?
Milk is not digested properly, ferments in the gut which leads to diarrhea
What clinical signs are associated with Crypto?
Foamy to watery diarrhea +/- milk, +/- blood, +/- mucus, +/- bile
How is crypto prevented?
Sanitation; vaccines are under investigation
What is the treatment for crypto?
There is no FDA approved treatment for crypto - there is an equine EPM drug (Ponazuril) that could be used but it is not intended for food
What are the main agents of coccidiosis?
Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii
What predisposing/precipitating factors can make calves and yearlings susceptible to coccidiosis?
Crowding, poor environmental conditions, and wet weather
Feedlot cattle get coccidiosis (seasonally/not seasonally) whereas housed calves get coccidiosis (seasonally/not seasonally).
seasonally (Jan-Mar); not seasonally
What cells does coccidiosis attack?
epithelium of the large intestine
What GI clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?
Blood in the feces, diarrhea, and tenesmus
What CNS clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?
Ataxia, depression, recumbency
Opisthotonos, hyperesthesia, tremors, frothing at the mouth, bellowing, convulsions
How is coccidiosis diagnosed?
Clinical signs, rule out other causes, and demonstrate organism in feces with an acid fast stain
How is coccidiosis controlled?
Sanitation (avoid fecal contamination), isolate clinically affected animals and treat, and reduce stocking density
How is coccidiosis prevented?
Coccidiostats are routinely added to feed
What coccidiostats are used to prevent coccidiosis?
Rumensin, Bovatec, Decoquinate
How is coccidiosis treated?
Amprolium for 5 days
Sulfaquinoxaline 3-5 days: feedlot
Sulfamethazine 5 days
What are some other causes of neonatal diarrhea?
BVD, caliciviruses, bredavirus, and giardia
