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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 1 - Avian Part 3 (Enteric) > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Avian Part 3 (Enteric) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiologic agent for coccidiosis?

A

Eimeria

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2
Q

True or False: Eimeria is not host specific?

A

False - Eimeria is very host specific

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3
Q

How is coccidiosis transmitted?

A

Fecal oral transmission

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4
Q

When are birds often infected by coccidiosis?

A

After 3 weeks of age

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5
Q

How long does it take for Eimeria oocysts to sporulate and become infective?

A

1-3 days

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6
Q

Commercial poultry may go through __ rounds of infection before becoming immune.

A

3

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7
Q

True or False: Bloody diarrhea is always observed with coccidia infections.

A

False - some coccidia do not invade the intestinal mucosa as deeply and bloody diarrhea is not always observed

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8
Q

What clinical signs are associated with coccidia infections that do not invade the intestinal mucosa?

A

Weakness, depression, and necrotic enteritis

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9
Q

What clinical signs are associated with coccidia that invade more deeply into the intestinal mucosa?

A

More severe disease, bloody diarrhea, and necrotic enteritis

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10
Q

In the absence of preventative measures what population of birds can have 50% mortality due to coccidiosis?

A

Farmyard pheasants, quail, and partridges

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11
Q

How is coccidiosis prevented?

A

sanitation and immunization

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12
Q

What type of bedding is bad for coccidiosis overgrowth?

A

Wet litter and mud

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13
Q

What in bedding will kill coccidia oocysts

A

Ammonia

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14
Q

What types of vaccines are available for coccidiosis?

A

Live attenuated vaccines for some species

Non-attenuated vaccines with low doses of sporulated oocysys

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15
Q

What is the benefit of a low dose vaccine against coccidiosis?

A

Low doses allow time to develop an immune response

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16
Q

Why are coccidiostats problematic?

A

Drug resistance is a big problem

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17
Q

Most coccidiostats allow for come _____ of coccidia and allow for development of immunity.

A

replication

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18
Q

What are coccidiostats often used in combination with?

A

Vaccines

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19
Q

Explain the protocol for using coccidiostats with vaccines.

A

Clean up a facility first to get rid of resistant coccidia
Inoculate new birds with coccidia that are still susceptible to coccidiostats
Treat with coccidiostats as needed to control clinical signs

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20
Q

What is used to treat coccidiosis?

A

Amprolium, Avatex, tetracyclings, and sulfa drugs

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21
Q

What drug is not recommended for treatment of coccidiosis because of the very long withdrawal time?

A

Ponazuril

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22
Q

What is infectious bursal disease (IBD) also known as?

A

Gumboro disease

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23
Q

What is the etiologic agent of IBD?

A

Avibirnavirus in the Birnaviridae family

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24
Q

There are two serotypes of IBD, which one causes disease?

A

Serotype 1

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25
Q

What is the mortality rate for classical strains of IBD?

A

20-50%

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26
Q

How do variant strains of IBD present?

A

No clinical signs or mortality - just lymphocyte depletion without inflammation of bursa

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27
Q

What is the mortality rate for vvIBD?

A

50-100%

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28
Q

True or False: Disinfectants are key to IBD control

A

False - they are very resistant to infections

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29
Q

What age group has the highest mortality due to IBD?

A

Between 3-6 weeks of age

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30
Q

When are chickens no longer susceptible to IBD?

A

The bursa stops functionig by 16 weeks and they are no longer susceptible

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31
Q

What is the main problem associated with IBD?

A

immunosupperssion

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32
Q

What does the IBD virus attack?

A

IgM and B-cells in the bursa

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33
Q

At what age can infection with IBD result in permanent immunosuppression?

A

If infected <3 weeks of age

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34
Q

At what age can infection with IBD result in reversible immunosuppresion?

A

6 weeks of age

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35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with IBD?

A

Feathers around the vent are stained with feces containing lots of urates
Depression, diarrhea, anorexia, incoordination
depression
Ruffled feathers especially in the head and neck area

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36
Q

What lesions are associated with IBD?

A

Initial enlargement of the Bursa of Fabricius and subsequent atrophy
Hemorrhages in the bursa, muscles of the legs, and breast
Severe urate deposition in the kidneys

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37
Q

How is IBD diagnosed?

A

Histopathology, virus isolation, serology, ELISA, and virus neutralization

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38
Q

How is IBD prevented and controlled?

A

Thorough cleaning and disinfection of facilities
Killed vaccine for breeders
MLV vaccine for chicks
Recombinant HVT

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39
Q

What is the etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis?

A

Clostridium perfringens mostly type A and some C

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40
Q

True or False: Chickens with multiple strains of Clostridium perfringens usually do not have disease

A

True

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41
Q

Diseased chickens with necrotic enteritis usually have a single pathogenic strain or clone. What do these strains produce?

A

Bacteriocin that kills off other C. perfringens
Ned B
Collagenase

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42
Q

What are the predisposing factors for necrotic enteritis?

A

High energy, high protein feeds, high levels of small grains

Subclinical coccidiosis or salmonellosis

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43
Q

What population of chickens are mostly affected by necrotic enteritis?

A

Mostly broilers and some layers

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44
Q

What clinical signs are associated with necrotic enteritis?

A

Dark, blood-stained feces, dehydration, sudden deaths, ataxia, somnolence, depression, and poor weight gain with ‘subclinical’ cases

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45
Q

What part of the intestine does necrotic enteritis affect?

A

Mid to distal small intestine

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46
Q

If necrotic enteritis is treated, the mortality can be around ____%. If untreated, mortality can be ____%.

A

2%, 50%

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47
Q

How is necrotic enteritis diagnoised?

A

With gross lesions and demonstration of organisms on mucosa

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48
Q

How is necrotic enteritis prevented?

A

Controlling coccidia

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49
Q

How is necrotic enteritis treated?

A

Penicillins or other antibiotics in drinking water

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50
Q

What species does gangrenous dermatitis affect?

A

Turkeys and chickens

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51
Q

What causes gangrenous dermatitis?

A

Clostridium septicum, C. perfringens Type A, and staphylococcus aureus singly or in combination

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52
Q

Gangrenous dermaititis has _____ onset, and (acute/chronic) mortality.

A

Rapid, acute

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53
Q

What is gangrenous dermatitis?

A

Necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues

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54
Q

What is gangrenous dermatitis often associated with?

A

Immunosuppression such as with infectious bursal disease or other infections

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55
Q

What can help eliminate gangrenous dermatitis from a facitlity?

A

Thorough cleaning and disinfection

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56
Q

What is salmonellosis also known as?

A

Pullorum disease

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57
Q

What is the etiologic agent of pullorum disease?

A

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum

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58
Q

What population of birds is Salmonellosis of concern for?

A

Home-raised chicks, gamebirds, etc.

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59
Q

How is Pullorum disease transmitted?

A

Bird to Bird transmission, contact, cannibalism, wound contamination, and fecal contamination

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60
Q

Can eggs become infected with Salmonella?

A

Yes, about 1/3 of eggs will be infected, but chicks hatch with the infection

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61
Q

How does pullorum disease spread?

A

Laterally

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62
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Pullorum disease?

A

Weakness, anorexia, chalky white feces, and death by 2-3 weeks

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63
Q

How is Pullorum disease prevented?

A

Purchase only pullorum-free birds and good biosecurity

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64
Q

How is Pullorum disease treated?

A

It is unwise to treat it -just euthanize and sanitize

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65
Q

What is the etiiologic agent of Fowl Typhoid?

A

S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar gallinarum

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66
Q

How is fowl typhoid transmitted?

A

Horizontal and vertical transmission

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67
Q

What does fowl typhoid resemble in young birds?

A

Pullorum disease

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68
Q

What group of birds is fowl typhoid a serious problem in?

A

Growing and adult chickens and turkeys

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69
Q

Fowl typhoid has been eradicated from developed countries, but has been re-introduced on occasion to what farms?

A

Commercial poultry farms

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70
Q

What can happen to birds hatched from fowl typhoid infected eggs shortly after hatching?

A

they can die

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71
Q

What clinical signs do older birds with fowl typhoid exhibit?

A

Depression, dehydration, weight loss, watery to mucoid diarrhea, and anemia with pale shrunken combs

72
Q

What lesions are associated with fowl typhoid?

A

Swollen, friable, bile-stained liver, splenomegaly, enlarged kidneys, and enteritis with bile-stained slimy contents

73
Q

What enteric diseases need to be reported to the area veterinarian in charge or to the state veterinarian?

A

Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid

74
Q

What is the treatment recommendation when fowl typhoid has been detected?

A

Quarantine and depopulation of infected flocks or extensive testing and removal of carriers

75
Q

Where is Salmonella arizonae a problem and in what species?

A

It is a problem mostly in turkeys in some areas of North America

76
Q

What is the mortality rate of Salmonella arizonae?

A

60%

77
Q

What is the etiologic agent of ulcerative enteritis?

A

Clostridium colinum

78
Q

What species get ulcerative enteritis?

A

Bobwhite quail, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, grouse, and other gallinaceous birds

79
Q

What is ulcerative enteritis linked to?

A

Stress and other problems such as occidiosis and infectious bursal disease

80
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ulcerative enteritis?

A

Diarrhea and thirst

81
Q

What lesions are associated with ulcerative enteritis?

A

Enteritis and ulcers in the small intestine and upper large intestine
Peritonitis due to ruptured ulcers
Hepatitis and hepatic necrosis

82
Q

How does Clostridia infect the liver in cases of ulcerative enteritis?

A

It enters the portal cicrulation

83
Q

What does ulcerative enteritis look like in chickens?

A

Coccidiosis

84
Q

How is ulcerative enteritis prevented?

A

Bacitracin in the water or feed

Streptomycin and Tylocin are also used

85
Q

What causes Candidiasis, moniliasis, and thrush (they all the same thing just got many names)?

A

Candida albicans

86
Q

What anatomic locations does candidiasis affect?

A

Mucosa of the mouth, proventriculus, intestines, cloaca, and gizzard

87
Q

True or False: Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of birds.

A

True

88
Q

What population of birds does candidiasis affect?

A

Pet birds, commercial poultry that have been on antibiotics for long periods, chicks and poults around 1 month of age, and young layer hens

89
Q

What is the epidemiology of Candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans is normal flora of the digestive tract. Outbreaks are often associated with poor sanitation and stress.

90
Q

How is candidiasis spread?

A

Through waterers, feeds, and through litter

91
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Candidiasis?

A

Nebulous, sick chick attitude, and a drop in egg production

92
Q

What is sick chick attitude?

A

Poor growth rate and listlessness

93
Q

What lesions does Candidiasis cause?

A

Thickened, white mucous membranes

White, raised plaques that tend to coalesce

94
Q

How is Candidiasis diagnosed?

A

Gross lesions and histopath

95
Q

What will you find on histpoath in patients with Candidiasis?

A

Yeast cells and pseudohyphae

96
Q

How is Candidiasis prevented and controlled?

A

Avoid prolonged antibiotic therapy, good sanitation and disinfection with iodine, chlorination of water, copper sulfate, and Ca or Na proprionate in feed

97
Q

How is Candidiasis treated in pet birds?

A

Oral nystatin

Ketoconazole or fluconazole in resistant infections

98
Q

How is Candidiasis treated in poultry?

A

Copper sulfate in drinking water or Nystatin in feed or water with sodium lauryl sulfate

99
Q

What is blackead also known as?

A

Histomoniasis

100
Q

What is Blackhead?

A

A protozoan disease primarily of young turkeys 3-18 weeks of age and Peafowl

101
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of Blackhead?

A

Cyanosis of the head (bluish discoloration)

102
Q

What, other than turkeys, can carry Blackhead?

A

Chickens and wild birds

103
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Blackhead?

A

Histomonas meleagridis

104
Q

What is Blackhead transmitted/

A

H. meleagridis infects the eggs of cecal worms (Heterakis gallinarum) which are ingested by turkeys
Ingestion of infected earthworms also has been shown to cause infection
H. meleagridis an be transmitted directly through the cloaca from contaminated litter

105
Q

Inside the cecal worm eggs, protozoa can remain infective for 2-3 ____ in soil.

A

years

106
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Blackhead?

A

Acute, high mortality, sulfur-colored watery feces, cyanosis of the heat, anorexia, weight loss, depression, and emaciation

107
Q

What organ is affected first by Blackhead?

A

Cecum

108
Q

What lesions does Blackhead cause in the cecum?

A

Hemorrhage, inflammation, thickening and ulceration of the cecal wall, and dry, cheesy contents often streaked with blood

109
Q

What lesions does blackhead cause in the liver?

A

Circular depressed areas, hepatomegally, and scarring

110
Q

How is Blackhead treated?

A

Dimetridizole….. jk its banned by the FDA - there is no efficacious treatment approved by the FDA

111
Q

How is Blackhead prevented?

A

Do not raise chickens and turkeys together or raise turkeys after the chickens have been in the same area

112
Q

What is the etiologic agent of spotty liver disease?

A

Campylobacter hepaticus

113
Q

Spotty liver disease is mostly a problem in what population of birds?

A

Free-range, barn raised flocks, layer operations

114
Q

Where is C. hepaticus found in chickens with spotty liver disease?

A

The small intestine and cecum

115
Q

How is spotty liver disease transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

116
Q

Spotty lifer disease is basically a _____ with 1-2mm ___ lesions.

A

hepatitis, liver

117
Q

Does spotty liver disease affect egg production?

A

Yes - up to 35% reduction of egg production

118
Q

What is the mortality rate of spotty liver disease?

A

Up to 15%

119
Q

What species does erysipelas effect?

A

Turkeys

120
Q

When does erysipelas commonly effect young tom turkeys?

A

When they are fighting or AI

121
Q

When does erysipelas commonly affect hens?

A

4-5 days following AI - there are outbreaks of sudden deaths

122
Q

Aside from AI and fighting, what else can spread Erysipelas?

A

Cannibalsism and ingestion of infected, dead birds

123
Q

Can Erysipelas affect other species aside from turkeys?

A

Yes, serious outbreaks have occurred in chickens, ducks, and geese

124
Q

How does Erysipelas usually present?

A

As an acute infection with sudden deaths

125
Q

What clinical signs are associated with early cases of Erysipelas?

A

Depression and unsteady gait

126
Q

What is the mortality rate of Erysipelas if unvaccinated?

A

50%

127
Q

What is the mortality rate of Erysipelas if vaccinated?

A

15%

128
Q

What lesion caused by Erysipelas usually results in no clinical signs and sudden death?

A

Vegetative endocarditis in turkeys

129
Q

What lesions are associated with Erysipelas?

A

Generalized darkening or diffuse patchy darkening of the skin
Splenomegally and hepatomegally with occasional mottling

130
Q

What differentials should be considered with Erysipelas?

A

Fowl cholera, Salmonellosis, E. coli, and Peracute Newcastle disease

131
Q

How is Erysipelas diagnosed?

A

Culture of the liver, spleen, heart blood or bone marrow

132
Q

How is Erysipelas prevented and controlled?

A

Immunization

133
Q

How is Erysipelas treated?

A

Immunize with a killed bacterin and treat/prevent with potassium or sodium penicillin IM during an outbreak
Repeat immunization every 2-4 weeks (may be necessary to control)
Penicillin in the drinking water - only helps those still eating and drinking

134
Q

What is Limberneck?

A

Botulism

135
Q

Limberneck is a problem in what populations in the United States?

A

Wild duck populations in the Western U.S.

136
Q

What botulism toxins result in Limberneck?

A

Most often type C, but also A, B, and F

137
Q

How can birds get botulism?

A

In spoiled canned food, pond sediments, crustaceans, water insects, rotting vegetation, decaying carcasses, and maggots

138
Q

True or False:Treatment of botulism is practical in most cases.

A

False - it is not practical in most cases

139
Q

How can botulism be treated?

A

Antibiotics or for valuable birds Type C antitoxin

140
Q

How is botulism prevented?

A

Prompt removal of dead birds, complete removal of litter, acidification of itter with acid disinfectants or sodium bisulfate, and/or immunization with toxoids in valuable birds

141
Q

What is the main site of infection of Capillaria species?

A

the small intestine but there can be an infection in almost any area of the digestive tract

142
Q

________ _______ is an intestinal parasite of pigeons, chickens, pheasants, and wild and domestic turkeys. It can be a problem in deep litter facilties.

A

Capillaria obsignata

143
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Capillaria obsignata?

A

Diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, decreased egg production, and pale birds

144
Q

What lesions are associated with Capillaria obsignata?

A

Sever inflammation and thickening of the upper small intestine, occasional hemorrhage, erosion of the intestinal mucosa, and death if lesions are severe

145
Q

How is Capillaria obsignata diagnosed?

A

Scrape intestinal mucosa and wash through a 100 mesh screen. Direct microscopic exam of mucosa may reveal worms in heavy infestations

146
Q

Where does C. contorta occur?

A

In the crop and esophagus

147
Q

What does C. contorta cause?

A

It may cause mucosal thickening and inflammation. Occasional severe losses in turkeys and game birds on the ground

148
Q

What species is C. contorta most severe in?

A

Quail and pheasants

149
Q

What clinical signs are associated with C. contorta?

A

Penguin stance due to pendulous crop, look of hunger at the feeder but won’t eat, emaciation, and swallowing motions

150
Q

What lesions does C. contorta cause?

A

Thickened, inflamed walls of crop and esophagus, heavy exudate covers epithelium, and sloughing of epithelium

151
Q

How is C. contorta diagnosed?

A

Masses of eggs and worms in sloughed epithelium or seen by pulling crop walls apart

152
Q

How is C. contorta treated?

A

Hygromycin B is the best
Fenbendazole can work but it is not approved for use
Levamasole is quite effective
Vitamin A may help

153
Q

What is the infective stage of poultry ascarids?

A

Eggs

154
Q

What clinical signs do poultry ascarids cause?

A

Diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and intestinal blockage in heavy infestations

155
Q

How are poultry ascarids prevented?

A

Clean, dry environment

156
Q

How are poultru ascarids treated?

A

Pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, fenbendazole, and ivermectin

Supportive treatment if infestation is severe

157
Q

_____ _____ is a poultry tick that is more common in warm climates and in backyard flocks. It is not common in commercial poultry facilities.

A

Argas persicus

158
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Argas persicus infestation?

A

Anemia, skin lesions, occasional tick paralysis, emaciation, weakness, and reduced productivity

159
Q

How is Argas persicus infestation treated?

A

It is more effective to use insecticide sprays in the buildings than to treat birds

160
Q

________ _______ is the most common and economically significant louse.

A

Menacanthus stramineus

161
Q

Where is poultry lice typically found?

A

on the breast, vent, and thighs

162
Q

What do poultry lice do?

A

They puncture soft quills at their base gnaws the skin at the base and feeds on the blood

163
Q

How can heavy populations of poultry lice affect flocks?

A

they can reduce reproductive potential and weight gain

164
Q

How are poultry lice controlled?

A

Inseciticides treatment - repeat in 10 days

165
Q

_________ _______ is the chicken mite, northern fowl mite, and tropical fowl mite.

A

Dermanyssus gallinae

166
Q

________ is the turkey mite.

A

Trombiculidae

167
Q

In what populations are poultry mites found?

A

breeeder and small farm flocks

168
Q

True or False: Poultry mites are readily transmitted between farms and can remain in buildings for up to 6 months.

A

True

169
Q

How are poultry mites treated?

A

Insecticide sprays or dusts

170
Q

What is cannibalism often initiated by?

A

feather pecking

171
Q

What issue exacerbates cannibalism?

A

crowding

172
Q

What population is cannibalism more common in?

A

free-range chickens

173
Q

What helps prevent cannibalism?

A

De-beaking and spectacles or blinders through the nasal septum

174
Q

What predators are considered ‘one-a-day’ predators for poultry?

A

Raccoons, fox, coyotes, and hawks

175
Q

What predators kill lots of poultry at a time?

A

Skunks and weasels

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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