Unit 2 - Bovine Reproductive Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What are the common reproductive disease agents that effect cattle?
A
Ureaplasma diversum, IBR, leptospira, BVD, Brucella, Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Neospora caninum
2
Q
Where is Ureaplasma diversum harbored in the female?
A
In the nares, vulva, and vagina
3
Q
Where can Ureaplasma diversum be found?
A
Prepuce, semen, urine (female), and ET fluids
4
Q
Ureaplasma diversum causes mostly ___ trimester abortions. ______ deaths and ____-borne calves also occur.
A
last; embryonic; weak
5
Q
What non-reproductive lesions does Ureaplasma diversum cause?
A
Severe, erosive, and pitting arthritis with synovitis
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
6
Q
Where do the joint lesions that Ureaplasma causes like to localize?
A
In the stifles, hips, and shoulders
7
Q
How is Ureaplasma diagnosed?
A
Moderate to strong PCR on placenta, abomasal contents, and pooled fetal tissues that include the lungs
Gross and histopath lesions
8
Q
What causes IBR?
A
Bovine herpesvirus 1
9
Q
When does IBR cause abortion?
A
5th-9th month of gestation
10
Q
What lesions does IBR cause?
A
Multifocal necrosis in the fetus
Usually autolyzed
Intranuclear inclusions
11
Q
How is IBR diagnosed?
A
VI, IHC, and Histopath
12
Q
Can you vaccinate for IBR in pregnant cows?
A
Yes, but it you should use the killed product to avoid the risk of causing an abortion
If you vaccinate with the MLV before breeding the immunity should last
13
Q
What population of cows are more affected by Leptospira?
A
Dairy
14
Q
Where is Leptospira shed?
A
in urine
15
Q
In what environments is Leptospira easily transmitted?
A
In moist, relatively crowded environments
16
Q
What serovars of Leptospira affect cattle?
A
Pomona, hardjo, grippotyphosa, icterohemorrhagiae, and autumnalis
17
Q
When do abortions occur due to Leptospira?
A
Typically after the 7th month
18
Q
T/F: Leptospira can cause abortion storms
A
True
19
Q
What gross lesions are associated with Leptospira?
A
There are typically no gross lesions
20
Q
How is Leptospira infection diagnosed?
A
PCR on fetal tissues, urine
21
Q
How is Leptospira infection prevented?
A
With immunization, but the immunity may not last long
22
Q
What type of virus is the BVD virus?
A
It is a pestivirus
23
Q
What BVD genotype causes the majority of disease?
A
Genotype 1
24
Q
What does BVD genotype 2 cause?
A
A severe hemorrhagic syndrome in calves - thrombocytopenia and hemorrhages
25
Is the non-cytopathic or cytopathic BVD virus responsible for the most of the infections?
Non-cytopathic
26
Is the non-cytopathic or cytopathic BVD virus responsible for PI calves?
non-cytopathic
27
What cellular damage does the non-cytopathic BVD virus cause?
No observable damage
28
What does the cytopathic BVD virus cause?
Cytoplasmic vacuolization and obvious damage in tissue cultures
29
T/F: Cytopathic BVD is common in nature.
False - tis not
30
What does the cytopathic BVD virus arise by?
It arises by spontaneous mutation from the noncytopathic virus
31
What does superinfection of cytopathic BVD virus result in?
Mucosal disease
32
Where does BVD multiply in cases of acute infection?
The URT and lymphoid tissues
33
What does acute BVD infection cause?
Profound, but transient leukopenia
Uncommonly severe, fatal infections
Secondary respiratory disease
Abortions
34
What clinical signs are associated with thrombocytopenia that is caused by BVD genotype 2?
Fever, diarrhea, leukopenia, widespread hemorrhages due to the thrombocytopenia
35
If there is in-utero BVD infection between months 0 and 4 of gestation, what can occur?
Abortion, fetal death, and persistent infection
36
If there is in-utero BVD infection between months 4 and 6 of gestation, what can occur?
Congenital defects
37
If there is in-utero BVD infection between months 6 and 9 of gestation, what can occur?
Increased stillbirths, premature births, and normal calves
38
What congenital anomalies can in-utero BVD infection cause?
Weak calves, cerebellar hypoplasia, and hydrocephalus
39
When does infection have to occur in order for persistent infection (PI) to occur?
The fetus is infected prior to about 125 days of gestation - the fetus is immunotolerant
40
Characterize PI BVD calves.
```
Premature births
Stunted
Unthrifty
Lethargic
May not survive to adulthood
```
41
When does mucosal disease due to BVD occur?
If there is a PI calf that becomes superinfected with cytopathic virus
Spontaneous mutation of cytopathic virus in a calf
Spread from one PI to another
May come from MLV vaccine
42
What clinical signs are associated with BVD?
Erosions and ulcers throughout the digestive tract
Anorexia
Diarrhea
Death
43
Describe chronic BVD.
Usually in PI calves - intermittent diarrhea, oronasal and interdigital ulcers, lameness, wasting, death
It may take weeks to months
44
How is BVD diagnosed?
PCR and IHC on ear notch
45
How is BVD prevented?
Have to be vaccinated with the same virus before breeding
46
T/F: MLV vaccination in heifers for BVD should be done close to breeding
False- Some studies indicated a marked decrease in conception rates
47
What are the etiologic agents of Brucellosis?
Brucella abortus, B. suis, and B, melitensis
48
Which Brucella agents are found in the US?
Brucella abortus and Brucella suis
49
When does brucellosis typically cause abortions?
In the last trimester
50
T/F: Bulls can carry Brucella for life which is why they are of big concern when it comes to transmission
False - they do carry it for life, but they are of little concern for transmission
51
What lesions can brucellosis cause in bulls? What is the consequence of these lesions?
Epididymitits and orchitis resulting in decreased fertility or sterility
The MLV can also cause this
52
What is the strain that is used in the Brucella vaccine?
RB51 - a variation of the naturally occurring B. abortus strain
53
What population of cows gets vaccinated against Brucella?
Females only that are 4-12 months of age
54
For the market cattle testing program for Brucella in Iowa, dairy cattle _____ months of age or older must be tested negative and beef cattle _____ months of age or older must be tested negative.
20 months
| 24 months
55
What is the quarantine protocol for Brucellosis?
The whole herd is quarantined
Reactors need to be removed quickly (15 days or less)
Re-testing is done at 30 day intervals - need 2 consecutive negative whole herd tests, follow up negative in 10 months +/- follow-up at 6-10 mo
56
What is the milk ring test?
It is a test of bulk tank milk for Brucella that is done at least once a year
57
What happens if you have a positive milk ring test?
You need to obtain blood from all cows and perform serologic tests
58
What other ruminants can get Brucellosis and are tested under the same program as cattle?
Bison, elk, and deer
59
What farmed ruminant gets the RB51 immunization?
Bison
60
What is the Neosporum caninum infection cycle with dogs and cows?
Dogs and possibly other canids ingest tissue cysts from aborted cattle fetuses and possibly other sources.
Neospora multiplies in the dog and mature oocysts are released in the feces.
Cows ingest the oocysts and they encyst in cow tissues
At mid-gestation the cysts break down and the organism infects the fetus
61
What is the neospora cow to fetus/calf cycle?
Fetus becomes infected and it may abort or be born alive and be a carrier.
The fetus may mature without any problems.
After being placed in the breeding stock, the congenitally infected heifer can abort, give birth to an infected calf, or give birth to a normal calf.
62
What clinical disease does neospora cause?
Neuromuscular degeneration - hind limb paralysis in dogs
Abortion in dairy cattle
Abortion and neurologic problems in sheep, goats, and horses
63
How is Neospora diagnosed?
PCR on blood, brain, feces, CSF, and other tissues
It is the most sensitive and specific test
64
How is Neospora controlled?
Identify positive cows and cull and/or do not keep their offspring
Get rid of dogs or keep them away from the cows
Immunization is ineffective
65
How is Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted in cattle?
Venereally
66
Where is Tritrichomonas foetus harbored in bulls?
It is harbored in crypts on the mucosa of the penis and prepuce of bulls
67
What age of bulls are less likely to be infected with Tritrichomonas foetus?
Bulls less than 3 years of age
68
Where does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the cow and heifters and for how long?
It lives in the vagina and uterus for 3-20 weeks
69
What clears trich in cows and heifers?
The immune response
70
How do cows/heifers get trich?
When they are bred by an infected bull or AI'd
71
When does clinical disease from trich occur?
6-8 weeks following insemination
72
What clinical disease does trich cause?
Early embryonic death
Occasional later-term abortions
Occasional pyometra
Worsening infertility in the herd
73
How is trich diagnosed?
Culture and PCR (most reliable)
74
What samples should be collected for trich diagnosis?
Smegma from the glans penis and cervical mucus or uterine secretions
75
What are the recommended standards for trich testing in all states?
Virgin bulls up to 18 months of age be exempt as long as they haven't been exposed
A negative test is valid for 60 days as long as the bull is held separate from females
A single, negative PCR of samples needs to be collected by a USDA category II accredited veterinarian certified by the state of origin
76
What are the two methods of sampling a bull for trich?
Preputial scraping and sponge sampling (less traumatic)
77
What is the ideal transport and storage temp for samples that are being PCR tested for trich?
Transport and store at 65-75 degrees F
| Do not freeze
78
What type of immunity can be developed against trich?
Naturally infected cows and heifers have IgG2 in the blood and IgG1 in the repro tract to eventually clear it
Bulls do not have much of an immune response
TrichGuard for quicker clearing of the organism
79
How is Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis spread?
Venereal or AI
80
When does C. venerealis move into the uterus (during what phase)?
During the progestational phase
81
What lesions/clinical signs does C. venerealis cause?
Moderate endometritis and salpingitis
Early embryonic death and infertility
Delayed return to estrus in the cow or heifer
82
How long does it take for the cow/heifer to develop an IgG response to C. venerealis?
2-5 months
83
How is C. venerealis diagnosed?
Clinical signs and antibody in cervical mucus
| Culturing is difficult
84
How is C. venerealis infection prevented?
Immunize with a bacterin
85
What is the etiologic agent of Epizootic bovine abortion (Foothill abortion)?
Pajaroellobacter abortibovis
86
What transmits P. arbortibovis?
Ornithodoros coriaceus (soft tick)
87
What population of cows show no clinical signs of EBA?
Immunologically naive pregnant heifers and cows show no clinical si gns
88
When do late-term abortion and stillbirths occur due to P. abortibovis?
When the fetal infection occurs prior to immunocompetence
89
How is EBA diagnosed?
IHC stain for fetal tissues
| Lesions
90
What lesions does EBA cause?
Enlarged lymph nodes, petechial hemorrhages or oral mucosa and conjunctiva
Ascites
Hepatosplenomegally
Thymusitis
91
How is EBA controlled?
Immunization at least 30 days prior to breeding
92
T/F: Fungi can cause abortions
True
