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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 3 - Swine Reproductive Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Swine Reproductive Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What diseases/agents can result in decreased reproductive performance?

A 
Brucellosis
Leptospirosis
Pseudorabies
Influenza
Parvovirus
SMEDI (old term)
EMC
Eperythrozoonosis
Arcobacter
HEV
Blue eye
Chlamydia
PRRS
PCV2
Mycotoxins
Streps
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2
Q

What is pseudorabies?

A

A disease of reproductive failure in breeding swine, CNS disease in suckling pigs or respiratory disease in older swine

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3
Q

What type of virus causes pseudorabies?

A

An alpha herpesvirus

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4
Q

What seems to be the most important for induction of immunity to pseudorabies?

A

Glycoproteins - GII, GIII, gp50

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5
Q

What is the primary means of transmission of pseudorabies?

A

Through introduction of actively shedding or latently infected pigs

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6
Q

What improves survivability of pseudorabies?

A

Cold, moist conditions - up to a month

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7
Q

What animals are dead end hosts but can play a role in transmission of pseudorabies?

A

Dogs, cats, rodents, and raccoons

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8
Q

Once in a herd, how does pseudorabies spread?

A

Direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, breeding, and transplacentally

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9
Q

What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in neonatal pigs?

A

High fever, CNS signs (trembling, incoordination, dog-sitting due to posterior paralysis, head tilt, ataxia, paddling, etc.) and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea

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10
Q

Mortality is usually ____% in pseudorabies affected neonates.

A

100%

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11
Q

What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in weaners?

A

Respiratory signs primarily in the older pigs in this age group
CNS signs primarily in the younger pigs in this age group
Marked depression and sneezing
Nasal discharge and coughing
Stunted growth

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12
Q

What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in grow-finishers?

A

Predominantly respiratory signs
Temps of 105-107 F
May take a week or two longer to reach finishing weight

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13
Q

What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in sows?

A

1st trimester - abortion and return to estrus
2nd or 3rd trimester - Abortion, stillborn, or weakborn pigs
USUALLY NO MUMMIES

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14
Q

What other species are affected by pseudorabies?

A

Cows - intense pruritus and die
Sheep
Dogs - self mutilation

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15
Q

How is pseudorabies diagnosed?

A 
Clinical signs and herd history
FA test 
Virus isolation - older swine
Serodiagnosis - ELISA
\+/- Lesions
Histopath - formalin fixed
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16
Q

What lesions are associated with pseudorabies?

A

Note: These are not consistently present

Serous to fibrinonecrotic rhinitis and
tracheitis, necrotic tonsillitis, swollen and hemorrhagic lymph nodes of the oral cavity
and upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract lesions may range from scattered
“blotchy” hemorrhages to areas of necrosis.
Keratoconjunctivitis
Focal necrosis of the liver and spleen

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17
Q

How is pseudorabies prevented?

A

Vaccination - very controversial

Gene deletion vaccines

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18
Q

T/F: Pseudorabies is no longer found in Iowa.

A

True

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19
Q

T/F: Reproductive problems are the only clinical manifestations of parvovirus infection in
swine.

A

True

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20
Q

Where does parvovirus reproduce?

A

in the intestine

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21
Q

How is parvovirus transmitted?

A

Boar semen

Transplacentally

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22
Q

Reproductive failure occurs when an infection of parvovirus happens when?

A

Following conception and before development of immunocompetence in the fetus

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23
Q

If dams are infected with parvovirus between 0 and 30-35 days of gestation what can happen?

A

Repeat breeders
pseudopregnancies
Small litters

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24
Q

If dams are infected with parvovirus between 30-35 and 65-70 days of gestation, what can happen?

A

Mummies

Increased stillborns

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25
Q

If dams are infected with parvovirus between 65-70 days of gestation and parturition what can happen as a result?

A

Normal litters

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26
Q

How is parvovirus diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs - highly suggestive
IHC or FA test
Serology - when fetuses are not available

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27
Q

How is parvovirus prevented?

A

Natural infection prior to breeding

Vaccination - killed products

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28
Q

Teschen and Taflan disease (both cause polioencephalomyelitis) are caused by what?

A

Teshoviruses which are picornaviruses

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29
Q

What is Teschen disease characterized by?

A

CNS disease and a high mortality

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30
Q

What is Talfan disease characterized by?

A

Benign enzootic paresis and rarely progresses to paralysis

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31
Q

How is polioencephalomyelitis diagnosed?

A

Based on isolation of the virus or demonstration of the viral antigen in pigs showing early nervous signs

32
Q

What is SMEDI?

A

An old term that was coined to describe a group of enteroviruses implicated in stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility

33
Q

How is SMEDI diagnosed?

A

Finding viral antigen in fetus

34
Q

What is the major etiologic agent of leptospirosis in swine?

A

Leptospira interrogans servoar pomona

35
Q

What are the only Leptospira serovars that produce clinical disease in swine?

A

pomona and sejroe

36
Q

What is the most common Leptospira serovar found in swine?

A

L. bratislava

37
Q

How does leptospira transmission occur?

A

Through breaks in the skin, direct penetration of mucous membranes or through conjunctiva

38
Q

Where do Leptospira organisms survive? Shed?

A

Survive - proximal convoluted tubule

Shed - in urine

39
Q

T/F: Leptospira spp. are not very hardy and only survive in the environment for a few hours

A

false - they hardy AF

40
Q

What clinical signs are associated with leptospirosis?

A

Most show no signs
Last half of gestation - abortions, stillbirths, neonatal deaths
Premature births and short survival
Fetal infection

41
Q

When do abortions and stillbirths usually occur in relation to dam Leptospira infection?

A

1-4 weeks post infection

42
Q

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

A

Culture
Serology - MAT (1:100 titer or greater)
PCR
RFLP patterns

43
Q

How is leptospirosis prevented and controlled?

A

Maintain a clean environment without standing water
Segregate infected animals
Immunization (gilts 2 doses prior to breeding)
Keep other animals away

44
Q

How is leptospirosis treated?

A

Tetracyclines and tylocin

45
Q

In the US, swine brucellosis is essentially confined where?

A

In the states that have feral swine

46
Q

What is the etiologic agent of brucellosis in the US?

A

Brucella suis biovars 1 and 3

47
Q

How is B. suis transmited?

A

Venereally - can be readily transmitted by ingestion

48
Q

In what conditions does B. suis survive?

A

Frozen conditions - 2 years

It is killed by sunlight and disinfectants

49
Q

What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?

A

The majority of herds may have no clinical signs
Boars may have orchitis
Infertility can result.
Suckling and weaning pigs may develop spondylitis and become paralyzed or lame.
Lameness and vertebral osteomyelitis can occasionally occur in older swine.

50
Q

How is brucellosis diagnosed?

A

Culture: most accurate
Serology: Must be used on a herd basis.

51
Q

How is brucellosis prevented and controlled?

A

The most successful method of eliminating the disease is to depopulate known infected herds, clean up the facilities, and then repopulate with non-infected swine.

The cooperative state-federal-industry program utilizes routine monitoring of sows and boars
that go to slaughter

52
Q

Tuberculosis in swine can be caused by any of what three main species?

A

Mycobacteria: M. avium, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis.

53
Q

The majority of infections in the past in the U.S. have been associated with contact with
infected ______.

A

poultry

54
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Infection is almost always by ingestion

55
Q

When M. tuberculosis is found, one needs to consider ______ as the most likely source.

A

humans

56
Q

Swine can be skin tested for tuberculosis where?

A

on the ear or vulva

57
Q

What gross lesions are associated with tuberculosis?

A

Lymph nodes are almost always cervical or mesenteric nodes. The lesions are usually caseous and yellowish white and vary from a few millimeters in size to
involvement of the whole node
M. bovis and M. tuberculosis cause more calcified and encapsulated lesions

58
Q

What are the four main categories or dispositions swine with tuberculosis can fall into?

A

No lesions
Lesions attributable to TB - not disseminated, passed for consumption
Passed for cooking - disseminated lesions but no emaciation
Disseminated lesions with emaciated carcass - condemned

59
Q

How is tuberculosis diagnosed?

A

Gross lesions are suggestive.
Histopathologic exam plus staining for acid fast bacteria
Bacteriologic culture
Tuberculin skin test

60
Q

How is tuberculosis prevented?

A

Elimination of contact between swine and poultry and wild birds.
Thorough disinfection of premises that have had swine with tuberculosis.
No dirt floors
Thorough cooking of garbage or meat byproducts that go into swine feed.

61
Q

What is the etiologic agent of pyelonephritis/cystitis in swine?

A

Actinobaculum suis

62
Q

T/F: Actinobaculum suis is normal porcine microflora.

A

True

63
Q

The disease is more common in sows housed in _____________.

A

gestation stalls - greater likelihood of spread due to reduced activity, water intake, and urination

64
Q

T/F: A. suis is carried in the semen of the boar.

A

False - prepuce

65
Q

What clinical signs are associated with cystitis?

A

Sudden death to acute or chronic renal failure

Acute - hematuria and pyuria, be reluctant to get up and appear lame in the rear; high mortality

66
Q

What gross lesions are associated with cystitis?

A

Thickened bladder wall with a hemorrhagic epithelium

+/- purulent exudate and deposits of sand-like material in the bladder

67
Q

How is cystitis diagnosed?

A

Bacterial culture

68
Q

How is cystitis treated?

A

Ampicillin is best

69
Q

How is cystitis prevented and controlled?

A

Management - maximize water consumption, increase salt in ration, general cleanliness, and good ventilation
Cull affected animals or isolate

70
Q

What is the etiologic agent of eperythrozoonosis?

A

Mycoplasma suis

71
Q

How is M. suis transmitted?

A

Needles and equipment
In-utero
Oral

72
Q

What clinical signs are associated with M. suis in pigs under 5 days of age?

A

Anemia and icterus

General unthrifitiness

73
Q

What clinical signs are associated with M. suis in feeder pigs?

A

Clinical signs are rarely observed

74
Q

What clinical signs are associated with M. suis in sows?

A 
High fever
Anorexia 1-3 days
Chronic - anemia, icterus, unthriftiness
\+/- debilitation and death due to secondary infections
Decreased conception rates
75
Q

How is eperythrozoonosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smears - acute cases
PCR
IHA subclinical

76
Q

How is eperythrozoonosis treated?

A

Tetracyclines
Iron dextran to piglets
Control other diseases

77
Q

How is eperythrozoonosis prevented?

A

Nothing - there are no vaccines

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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