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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 4 - Equine Hepatic/Blood Borne > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Equine Hepatic/Blood Borne Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common infectious causes of anemia?

A

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis

Equine infectious anemia

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2
Q

What is the FAD cause of anemia?

A

Piroplasmosis

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3
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of anemia?

A 
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Drug induced - Penicillin, TMS
Toxin induced - red maple leaf
Liver failure
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4
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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5
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis transmitted?

A

Bloodborne, primarily ticks

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6
Q

What does A. phagocytophilum infect?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils resulting in the development of morulae

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7
Q

What clinical signs are associated with A. phagocytophilum infection?

A

Fever of unknown origin, anorexia initially
Depression, reluctance to move
Petechiae, icterus, and edema

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8
Q

What age group of horses typically gets equine anaplasmosis more often?

A

Older horses

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9
Q

What will you see on CBC in a horse with anaplasmosis?

A

Pancytopenia - leukopenia due to neutropenia and lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia

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10
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear
PCR
IFA - 4 fold increase in titers

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11
Q

What will you see on blood smear in a patient with anaplasmosis?

A

Morulae present in the neutrophils or eosinophils

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12
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis treated?

A

Disease is generally self-limiting if no complications develop
Supportive care
Oxytetracycline

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13
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis prevented and controlled?

A

Tick control

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14
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine infectious anemia?

A

Equine infectious anemia virus

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15
Q

How is EIA transmitted?

A

Bloodborne, primarily blood-sucking insects but can be iatrogenic

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16
Q

What are the forms of EIA?

A

Acute, common, inapparent

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17
Q

What is the most common form of EIA?

A

Inapparent

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18
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute EIA?

A

Fever, depression, weight loss, and edema
Thrombocytopenia
Hemolytic anemia
Initial attack lasts 3-5 days

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19
Q

What clinical signs are associated with chronic EIA?

A

Short episodes of acute disease
Development of hyperglobulinemia
May develop emaciation

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20
Q

What clinical signs are associated with inapparent EIA?

A

Recurrent or persistent episodes of viremia without obvious clinical disease

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21
Q

How is EIA diagnosed?

A

Serology (definitive)

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22
Q

What serologic tests can be used to diagnose EIA?

A 
Coggins test (AGID)
Competitive ELISA
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23
Q

What is the requirement for EIA diagnosis?

A

Must be done by USDA accredited veterinarians and sent to USDA accredited labs

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24
Q

How is EIA treated?

A

There is no treatment - euthanize, slaughter, or lifetime quarantine

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25
Q

How is EIA prevented and controlled?

A

Quarantine the premises
Never reuse needles, syringes
Use blood products from test negative animals
Clean and disinfect dental and surgical equipement
General fly control and sanitation

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26
Q

T/F: EIA is not reportable

A

False- it is

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27
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine piroplasmosis?

A

Babesia caballi or Theileria equi

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28
Q

T/F: Equine piroplasmosis is considered a FAD even though it was ‘eradicated’ in the US

A

True - it is still frequently identified

29
Q

How is equine piroplasmosis transmitted?

A

Bloodborne - primarily ticks

30
Q

What cells does equine piroplasmosis infect?

A

RBCs

31
Q

What are the forms of equine piroplasmosis disease?

A

Acute, subclinical, chronic

32
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute equine piroplasmosis?

A

Fever, lethargy, inappetence, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, incoordination, swelling of the eyelids, and death

33
Q

How are chronic equine piroplasmosis patients developed?

A

The survivors remain chronic carriers

34
Q

Which form of equine piroplasmosis is the most commonly identified in the US?

A

Chronics

35
Q

How is equine piroplasmosis diagnosed?

A

Presence of organism on blood smears
PCR
cELISA (positive with chronic)
CF

36
Q

What are the options for treatment of equine piroplasmosis?

A

Permanent quarantine
Euthanasia
Export from the country
Long-term quarantine and enrollment in USDA-approved high-dose imidocarb treatment program

37
Q

T/F: Equine piroplasmosis is reportable

A

True

38
Q

What are the requirements for all horses entering the US in regards to equine piroplasmosis?

A

They must test negative via both cELISA and CF prior to entry

39
Q

What prevention and control methods are recommended for equine piroplasmosis?

A

Never reuse syringes
Only use blood products from negative test animals
Clean and disinfect dental and surgical equipment
Tick control

40
Q

What are the bacterial infectious causes of hepatitis?

A 
Ascending cholangiohepatitis
Clostridium piliforme (foals
41
Q

What are the viral infectious causes of hepatitis?

A

Theiler’s disease

Equine parvovirus-hepatitis

42
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of hepatitis?

A

Toxin induced
Metabolic
Idiopathic
Neoplasia

43
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Clostridium piliforme

44
Q

What is the suspect mode of transmission of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Suspect fecal-oral

45
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Acute hepatitis of foals <2 months of age - depression, fever, icterus, and diarrhea progressing to seizures, coma, and death

46
Q

How is Tyzzer’s diagnosed?

A

Post-mortem - acute multifocal hepatitis

47
Q

How is Tyzzer’s treated?

A

It is challenging - antibiotic and aggressive supportive care

48
Q

What is theiler’s disease also known as?

A

Serum hepatitis

49
Q

T/F: Theiler’s disease is the most common cause of acute hepatitis and liver failure

A

True

50
Q

How is Theiler’s disease transmitted?

A

It is associated with administration of equine biologic products and also associated with contact with serum hepatitis cases

51
Q

T/F: There are 4 causes of Theiler’s disease

A

true

52
Q

What are the four viruses recently reported to be associated with Theiler’s disease?

A

Equine parvovirus-hepatitis
Non-primate hepacivirus
Theiler’s disease associated virus
Equine pegivirus

53
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Theiler’s disease?

A

Acute onset of hepatic failure
Depression, inappetence, icterus, photoactive dermatitis, hepatic encephalopathy

Acute death is possible

54
Q

What chemistry abnormalities are associated with Theiler’s disease?

A

Increased bilirubin, bile acids, and liver enzymes

55
Q

How is Theiler’s disease diagnosed?

A

Liver biopsy
PCR panel
Necropsy

56
Q

What will the liver look like at necropsy in a Theiler’s disease patient?

A

Dish-rag liver

57
Q

How is Theiler’s disease treated?

A

Supportive care only

58
Q

How is Theiler’s disease prevented and controlled?

A

Screening of commercial blood products/donors

Close monitoring of contact cases

59
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Lyme Disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorfori

60
Q

Where is lyme disease widespread?

A

In the northern hemisphere

61
Q

What transmits lyme disease?

A

Larval and nymph stages of Ixodes ticks

62
Q

What clinical signs are associated with lyme disease?

A

Non-specific signs

Most commonly reported signs are lameness in multiple limbs, hyperesthesia

63
Q

When do clinical signs of lyme disease occur?

A

During the chronic disease stage - 2-5 months or longer after infection

64
Q

What rare clinical syndromes have the most evidence to be caused by lyme disease?

A

Neuroborrellosis, uveitis, cutaneous pseudolymphoma

65
Q

How is lyme disease diagnosed?

A

Serology: IFAT, ELISA, Western blot, C6 SNAP test, multiplex ELISA

66
Q

What is the confirmatory diagnostic test for lyme disease?

A

Western blot

67
Q

T/F: A positive test without vaccination proves causation while a negative result is highly suggestive that it is not the cause of disease.

A

False- all of the statement is correct except that a positive test without vaccination means there has been exposure but that it was not the cause of the disease

68
Q

How is lyme disease treated?

A

Ideal treatment is unknown - tetracyclines, B-lactams

Neuroborreliosis has a poor response

69
Q

How is lyme disease prevented and controlled?

A

Tick control

Extra-label vaccination

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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