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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 4 - Equine Hepatic/Blood Borne > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Equine Hepatic/Blood Borne Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common infectious causes of anemia?

A

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis

Equine infectious anemia

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2
Q

What is the FAD cause of anemia?

A

Piroplasmosis

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3
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of anemia?

A 
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Drug induced - Penicillin, TMS
Toxin induced - red maple leaf
Liver failure
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4
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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5
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis transmitted?

A

Bloodborne, primarily ticks

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6
Q

What does A. phagocytophilum infect?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils resulting in the development of morulae

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7
Q

What clinical signs are associated with A. phagocytophilum infection?

A

Fever of unknown origin, anorexia initially
Depression, reluctance to move
Petechiae, icterus, and edema

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8
Q

What age group of horses typically gets equine anaplasmosis more often?

A

Older horses

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9
Q

What will you see on CBC in a horse with anaplasmosis?

A

Pancytopenia - leukopenia due to neutropenia and lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia

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10
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear
PCR
IFA - 4 fold increase in titers

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11
Q

What will you see on blood smear in a patient with anaplasmosis?

A

Morulae present in the neutrophils or eosinophils

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12
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis treated?

A

Disease is generally self-limiting if no complications develop
Supportive care
Oxytetracycline

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13
Q

How is equine anaplasmosis prevented and controlled?

A

Tick control

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14
Q

What is the etiologic agent of equine infectious anemia?

A

Equine infectious anemia virus

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15
Q

How is EIA transmitted?

A

Bloodborne, primarily blood-sucking insects but can be iatrogenic

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16
Q

What are the forms of EIA?

A

Acute, common, inapparent

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17
Q

What is the most common form of EIA?

A

Inapparent

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18
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute EIA?

A

Fever, depression, weight loss, and edema
Thrombocytopenia
Hemolytic anemia
Initial attack lasts 3-5 days

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19
Q

What clinical signs are associated with chronic EIA?

A

Short episodes of acute disease
Development of hyperglobulinemia
May develop emaciation

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20
Q

What clinical signs are associated with inapparent EIA?

A

Recurrent or persistent episodes of viremia without obvious clinical disease

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21
Q

How is EIA diagnosed?

A

Serology (definitive)

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22
Q

What serologic tests can be used to diagnose EIA?

A 
Coggins test (AGID)
Competitive ELISA
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23
Q

What is the requirement for EIA diagnosis?

A

Must be done by USDA accredited veterinarians and sent to USDA accredited labs

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24
Q

How is EIA treated?

A

There is no treatment - euthanize, slaughter, or lifetime quarantine

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25
How is EIA prevented and controlled?
Quarantine the premises Never reuse needles, syringes Use blood products from test negative animals Clean and disinfect dental and surgical equipement General fly control and sanitation
26
T/F: EIA is not reportable
False- it is
27
What is the etiologic agent of equine piroplasmosis?
Babesia caballi or Theileria equi
28
T/F: Equine piroplasmosis is considered a FAD even though it was 'eradicated' in the US
True - it is still frequently identified
29
How is equine piroplasmosis transmitted?
Bloodborne - primarily ticks
30
What cells does equine piroplasmosis infect?
RBCs
31
What are the forms of equine piroplasmosis disease?
Acute, subclinical, chronic
32
What clinical signs are associated with acute equine piroplasmosis?
Fever, lethargy, inappetence, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, incoordination, swelling of the eyelids, and death
33
How are chronic equine piroplasmosis patients developed?
The survivors remain chronic carriers
34
Which form of equine piroplasmosis is the most commonly identified in the US?
Chronics
35
How is equine piroplasmosis diagnosed?
Presence of organism on blood smears PCR cELISA (positive with chronic) CF
36
What are the options for treatment of equine piroplasmosis?
Permanent quarantine Euthanasia Export from the country Long-term quarantine and enrollment in USDA-approved high-dose imidocarb treatment program
37
T/F: Equine piroplasmosis is reportable
True
38
What are the requirements for all horses entering the US in regards to equine piroplasmosis?
They must test negative via both cELISA and CF prior to entry
39
What prevention and control methods are recommended for equine piroplasmosis?
Never reuse syringes Only use blood products from negative test animals Clean and disinfect dental and surgical equipment Tick control
40
What are the bacterial infectious causes of hepatitis?
``` Ascending cholangiohepatitis Clostridium piliforme (foals ```
41
What are the viral infectious causes of hepatitis?
Theiler's disease | Equine parvovirus-hepatitis
42
What are the non-infectious causes of hepatitis?
Toxin induced Metabolic Idiopathic Neoplasia
43
What is the etiologic agent of Tyzzer's disease?
Clostridium piliforme
44
What is the suspect mode of transmission of Tyzzer's disease?
Suspect fecal-oral
45
What clinical signs are associated with Tyzzer's disease?
Acute hepatitis of foals <2 months of age - depression, fever, icterus, and diarrhea progressing to seizures, coma, and death
46
How is Tyzzer's diagnosed?
Post-mortem - acute multifocal hepatitis
47
How is Tyzzer's treated?
It is challenging - antibiotic and aggressive supportive care
48
What is theiler's disease also known as?
Serum hepatitis
49
T/F: Theiler's disease is the most common cause of acute hepatitis and liver failure
True
50
How is Theiler's disease transmitted?
It is associated with administration of equine biologic products and also associated with contact with serum hepatitis cases
51
T/F: There are 4 causes of Theiler's disease
true
52
What are the four viruses recently reported to be associated with Theiler's disease?
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis Non-primate hepacivirus Theiler's disease associated virus Equine pegivirus
53
What clinical signs are associated with Theiler's disease?
Acute onset of hepatic failure Depression, inappetence, icterus, photoactive dermatitis, hepatic encephalopathy Acute death is possible
54
What chemistry abnormalities are associated with Theiler's disease?
Increased bilirubin, bile acids, and liver enzymes
55
How is Theiler's disease diagnosed?
Liver biopsy PCR panel Necropsy
56
What will the liver look like at necropsy in a Theiler's disease patient?
Dish-rag liver
57
How is Theiler's disease treated?
Supportive care only
58
How is Theiler's disease prevented and controlled?
Screening of commercial blood products/donors | Close monitoring of contact cases
59
What is the etiologic agent of Lyme Disease?
Borrelia burgdorfori
60
Where is lyme disease widespread?
In the northern hemisphere
61
What transmits lyme disease?
Larval and nymph stages of Ixodes ticks
62
What clinical signs are associated with lyme disease?
Non-specific signs | Most commonly reported signs are lameness in multiple limbs, hyperesthesia
63
When do clinical signs of lyme disease occur?
During the chronic disease stage - 2-5 months or longer after infection
64
What rare clinical syndromes have the most evidence to be caused by lyme disease?
Neuroborrellosis, uveitis, cutaneous pseudolymphoma
65
How is lyme disease diagnosed?
Serology: IFAT, ELISA, Western blot, C6 SNAP test, multiplex ELISA
66
What is the confirmatory diagnostic test for lyme disease?
Western blot
67
T/F: A positive test without vaccination proves causation while a negative result is highly suggestive that it is not the cause of disease.
False- all of the statement is correct except that a positive test without vaccination means there has been exposure but that it was not the cause of the disease
68
How is lyme disease treated?
Ideal treatment is unknown - tetracyclines, B-lactams Neuroborreliosis has a poor response
69
How is lyme disease prevented and controlled?
Tick control | Extra-label vaccination

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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