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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 3 - Swine Dysentery to Arthritis > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Swine Dysentery to Arthritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiologic agent of swine dysentery?

A

Bracyspira hyodysenteriae + other Brachyspira species

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2
Q

During what season is swine dysentery common?

A

late summer or fall

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3
Q

What factor is a compounding factor in the development of swine dysentery?

A

Stress

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4
Q

What the incubation period for swine dysentery?

A

10 to 14 days

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5
Q

How is swine dysentery shed?

A

From the intestinal tract

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6
Q

T/F: B. hyodysenteriae is a hardy bacteria that can survive for long periods of time in lagoon water, soil, feces, and intestinal tracts of mice and dogs,

A

True

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7
Q

What is the most consistent clinical sign associated with swine dysentery?

A

Diarrhea

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8
Q

Describe the diarrhea assoociated with swine dysentery.

A

The initial diarrhea is characterized by a large
amount of mucus often containing flecks of blood. As the disease progresses, watery stools containing blood, mucus, and shreds of fibrinous exudate are seen.

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9
Q

Prolonged diarrhea in pigs with swine dysentery results in what?

A

dehydration and eventual emaciation

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10
Q

T/F: Swine dysentery appears cyclical with clinical signs disappearing and then reappearing at 3-4 weak intervals.

A

True

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11
Q

What clinical signs are associated with peracute swine dysentery?

A

Sudden death

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12
Q

T/F: The causative agents of swine dysentery invade beyond the lamina propria.

A

False

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13
Q

Fluid loss associated with swine dysentery appears to be the result of what?

A

result of a failure of the colonic mucosa to reabsorb endogenous secretions because of a failure to actively transport
sodium and chlorine from the lumen to the blood.

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14
Q

Where do lesions associated with swine dysentery localize?

A

The large intestine

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15
Q

How is swine dysentery diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs and post-mortem lesions in the colon are suggestive
Direct exams of colonic mucosal scrapings
Bacterial culture - best
PCR

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16
Q

What ddx should be considered with swine dysentery?

A

Salmonellosis, intestinal adenomatosis, and trichuriasis

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17
Q

How is swine dysentery prevented?

A

Isolation of the herd and rigid sanitation
Quarantine of new stock
Depopulate in warm weather and repopulate with SPF swine (extreme measure)
Medicate sows with Denegard, increase sanitation, and early weaning
Sanitation, prevention of stress
Aggressive rodent control programs

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18
Q

What drugs are approved for treatment of swine dysentery?

A

Tiamulin (Denegard) and Mecadox

As per the usual, medicate early

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19
Q

What does Brachyspira pilosicoli cause?

A

porcine intestinal spirochetosis or spirochetal colitis (PIS) and human
intestinal spirochetosis

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20
Q

B. pilosicoli is referred to as what (related to hemolytic status)?

A

Weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochete

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21
Q

What does B. pilosicoli do (MOA) in swine?

A

It attaches in large numbers to the colonic epithelium b one end of the bacterial cell

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22
Q

What clinical signs are associated with B. polosicoli infection in swine?

A

Weight loss, poor growth rate, and diarrhea with occasional flecks of blood.

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23
Q

What are the more common Salmonella species to cause salmonellosis in swine?

A

Serovar 1, 4, {5}, 12:i- and S. typhimurium

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24
Q

What is the most important source of Salmonella in cases of salmonellosis?

A

Infected, shedding pigs

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25
Q

Salmonellosis is most common in what population of pigs?

A

Weaned pigs less than 4 months old

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26
Q

What clinical signs are associated with salmonellosis?

A 
Septicemia
Sudden death
High fever - 105-108 F
Low mortality 
Enterocolitis
Pneumonia
Meningoencephalitis
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27
Q

What gross lesions are associated with salmonellosis?

A

Cyanosis of ears, feet, tail, and ventral abdominal skin

Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and swollen, hemorrhagic LN (especially mesenteric)

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28
Q

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

A

Culture, fecal cultures, and histopath

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29
Q

How is salmonellosis treated?

A

Separate affected animals
Abx
+/- Antiinflammatories

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30
Q

How is salmonellosis prevented?

A

Management - prevent crowding, sanitation
Immunization
Abx - not a long term solution

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31
Q

What clinical signs are associated with enteric salmonellosis?

A

Watery, yellow diarrhea, initially without blood or mucus. May last 3-7
days and recur 2 or 3 times. Blood may appear in the feces but not in profuse amounts as
is seen in swine dysentery.

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32
Q

What lesions are associated with enteric salmonellosis?

A

Diffuse ulceration and less commonly button ulcers in the small intestine and colon
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
+/-Rectal strictures

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33
Q

What does Salmonella Typhisuis cause?

A

Causes a relatively specific chronic disease syndrome with necrotic colitis, caseous
lymphadenitis, and bronchopneumonia.

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34
Q

What Salmonella species have been described as causes of meningitis in suckling pigs?

A

Salmonella dublin and Salmonella enteritidis

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35
Q

What is the etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathies?

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

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36
Q

How is L. intracellularis spread?

A

Fecal-oral

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37
Q

What are the porcine proliferative enteropathies?

A 
Porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)
Regional ileus (RI)
Necrotic enteritis (NE)
Proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE)
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38
Q

When does PIA most commonly occur?

A

Occurs most commonly in the 6 to 20 week age range but some feel it occurs most commonly in the grow-finish stage.

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39
Q

What clinical signs are associated with PIA?

A

It varies
In some cases they are very slight and the swine are not considered to have a problem
In other cases, the disease may result in a marked dullness, apathy, and anorexia
There may be little or no diarrhea

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40
Q

What lesions are associated with PIA?

A

Terminal 50 cm of the SI and upper
1/3 of the colon: wall is visibly thickened, some serosal and mesenteric
edema is common, deep folds in the mucosa of the large intestine.

41
Q

When does RI occur most commonly?

A

6 to 20 week age range with pigs about 12 weeks of age most commonly affected.

42
Q

What clinical signs are associated with RI?

A

Severe loss of condition and persistent diarrhea

43
Q

What lesions are associated with RI?

A

Smoothly contracted, almost rigid lower small intestine: “hose-pipe gut”, usually with prominent granulation tissue and a striking hypertrophy of the outer muscle coats.

44
Q

When does NE occur most commonly?

A

Occurs most commonly in younger pigs (early nursery age) but has been reported in the 6 to 20 week age range.

45
Q

What clinical signs are associated with NE?

A

Severe loss of condition and persistent diarrhea

Many pigs never fully recover.

46
Q

What lesions are associated with NE?

A

Coagulative necrosis with
inflammatory exudate that appears as yellow-gray cheesy masses that tightly
adhere to the intestinal wall.
In chronic cases, granulation tissue may become
prominent.

47
Q

What does diarrhea due to PHE look like?

A

A1 sauce…yum

48
Q

In what age group does PHE most commonly occur?

A

young adults

49
Q

What clinical signs are associated with PHE?

A

severe hemorrhagic enteritis

50
Q

What gross lesions are associated with PHE?

A

The lumen of the ileum may contain a well-formed
blood clot and the colon may contain black, tarry feces.
Bleeding points, ulcers and erosions are not evident and the mucosa may show little damage except for
the adenomatous changes and congestion.

51
Q

What histopathic lesions are associated with PHE?

A

Extensive degeneration of the epithelium, accumulation of cellular debris in the crypts and the formation of goblet cells in the deep crypts.

52
Q

How are porcine proliferative enteropathies diagnosed?

A

Immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissues is done at ISU

Others: silver stains, FA. ELISA

53
Q

How are porcine proliferative enteropathies prevented?

A

Immunization - live oral product (mid-nursery stage and replacement gilts)
Good sanitation and biosecurity
Tetracyclines - increased evidence of resistance
Pulse medication

54
Q

What is the etiologic agent of edema disease?

A

STEC (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli)

Serotypes: O138:K81, O139:K82, O141:K85

55
Q

What specific toxin does STEC produce?

A

Stx2e toxin

56
Q

What fimbrial types are commonly seen in edema disease?

A

F18ab and F18ac

57
Q

What clinical signs are associated with edema disease?

A

Sudden death of one or more pigs usually 1-2 weeks after weaning - BEST DOING PIGS
Incoordination, staggering gait, knuckling of the forelimbs, ataxia, paralysis, tremors, and paddling
Edema

58
Q

How is edema disease diagnosed?

A

CNS Clinical signs
Edema when present
Large numbers of hemolytic E. coli in the SI and colon

59
Q

How is edema disease treated?

A

Restrict feed consumption and increase fiber content of diet
Antimicrobials

60
Q

How is edema disease prevented?

A

Eliminate animals that possess the F18 fimbrial receptor
If serious problem - change boars
Restricted feeding at weaning or feeding of higher fiber diets
Oral vaccination (F18ab-bearing strands)

61
Q

What are the two forms of disease caused by hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus?

A

Acute encephalomyelitis and chronic vomiting and wasting disease (VWD)

62
Q

What type of virus is hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus?

A

coronavirus

63
Q

T/F: Pigs are the only known host of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.

A

True

64
Q

What age group gets hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection?

A

It is confined almost entirely to pigs less than 3 weeks of age

65
Q

What clinical signs are associated with hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus?

A 
Sneezing and coughing
VWD - suck, stop, vomit,
Listlessness, arched back, huddling
Elevated then normal temp
\+/- abdominal distention
66
Q

T/F: Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus has a low mortality rate associated with it, but the survivors remain stunted.

A

False - High mortality - survivors remain stunted

67
Q

Where does hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus replicate?

A

In the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and small intestine

68
Q

How is hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus diagnosed?

A 
Virus isolation (w/in 2 days of developing disease)
Serology - difficult
69
Q

What DDx need to be considered with hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus?

A

Pseudorabies
Teschen/Talfan
Streptococcal infections

70
Q

How is hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection prevented?

A

Maintain the infection in the subclinical form so that sows pass protective antibody to the
piglets.

71
Q

What is the etiologic agent of shaker syndrome?

A

Pestivirus

72
Q

What clinical signs are associated with shaker pig syndrome?

A

Pigs are born with congenital tremors and shaking

73
Q

T/F: Shaker pig syndrome is not a problem anymore.

A

True

74
Q

What is erysipelas?

A

An acute to chronic disease of swine characterized in its various forms by septicemia,
arthritic and/or skin lesions.

75
Q

What is the etiologic agent of erysipelas?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

76
Q

Where is E. rhusiopathiae carried? Where is it shed?

A

Carried in the tonsils

Shed in the feces

77
Q

In what age group is erysipelas incidence highest in?

A

3 months to 3 years of age

78
Q

What is acute erysipelas characterized by?

A

Characterized by septicemia, high fever, stiffness and reluctance to move (arthritis),
depression, splenomegaly, petechial hemorrhages, and sudden death. Sows may abort.

Diamond skin disease is considered to be a milder form of the acute disease.

79
Q

What is chronic erysipelas characterized by?

A

arthritis that can progress to ankylosis. Valvular endocarditis can lead
to cardiac insufficiency and sudden death under stress.

80
Q

How is erysipelas diagnosed?

A

Clinical exam
Bacteriologic culture
Response to penicillin

81
Q

What ddx should be considered with erysipelas?

A

Acute ASF and HCV, salmonellosis, actinobacillus suis, swine pox

82
Q

How is erysipelas prevented?

A

Management, housing, etc. are very important (concrete > dirt)
Eliminate chronics
Immunization (immunity wanes in 3-6 months)

83
Q

What does Mycoplasma hyorhinis cause?

A

Acute, subacute and chronic polyserositis and arthritis occurring in swine from 3 to 10 weeks of age.

84
Q

What is disease caused by M. hyorhinis characterized by?

A

Serofibrinous inflammation of the serous membranes and joints

85
Q

What is the age group that most commonly presents with clinical disease caused by M. hyorhinis?

A

3-10 weeks of age

Occasionally young adults

86
Q

What clinical signs are associated with M.hyorhinis infection?

A

There is a progressive onset of disease with labored breathing, abdominal tenderness,
decreased feed intake, lameness, temperature of 104 to 107F and sternal recumbency.

87
Q

What are the predisposing factors for clinical disease caused by M. hyorhinis?

A

Poor sanitation, movement into a new herd, and other environmental and management factors predispose to clinical disease

88
Q

What gross lesions are associated with M. hyorhinis disease?

A

Serofibrinous inflammation of membranes lining the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities.
Synovial membranes are swollen, edematous and hyperemic.
Affected joints contain a serofibrinous to serosanguineous fluid. In chronic disease, adhesions develop in on the serosal surfaces. A chronic arthritis with villous hypertrophy and articular damage may be seen.

89
Q

How is M. hyorhinis infection diagnosed?

A

Gross lesions

Bacteriologic culture

90
Q

How is M. hyorhinis infection prevented?

A

Minimize stress and control other respiratory diseases

91
Q

What does M. hyosynoviae cause?

A

Acute, subacute or chronic, non-suppurative arthritis occurring in swine from 80 lb. to market weight

92
Q

Where is M. hyosynoviae carried? Shed? Spread?

A

Carried - pharyngeal secretions and tonsils
Shed - nasal secretions
Spread - laterally

93
Q

What clinical signs are associated with M. hyosynoviae arthritis?

A

Many show no signs

If signs - shifting lameness, minimal evidence of joint swelling

94
Q

What pigs are more commonly affected by M. hyosynoviae arthritis?

A

Heavily muscled pigs with poor leg conformation and angularity

They are also predisposed to joint damage and osteochondrosis

95
Q

What lesions are associated with M. hyosynoviae arthritis?

A

Increased synovial fluid that is serofibrinous to serosanguinous in affected joints
Edematous, hyperemic, and yellowish synovial membranes
Osteochondrosis in severe cases

96
Q

How is M. hyosynoviae arthritis diagnosed?

A

CS and culture

97
Q

How is M. hyosynoviae prevented?

A

Purchase breeding stock with no history of arthirits or leg confirmation problems
prevent stress

98
Q

How is M. hypsynoviae infection treated?

A

Separate affected animals

Abx - tylosin, lincocin, or tiamulin

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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