Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Johne's to end Flashcards
What clinical signs are associated with small ruminant Johne’s disease?
Wasting, loss of body fat, and about 20% have diarrhea
How young can small ruminants be to be affected by Johne’s disease?
1 year of age
What causes Johne’s in small ruminants?
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis
How is Johne’s diagnosed?
Clinical signs DTH skin test Serology Histopath Culture PCR
What differentials should be considered with chronic weight loss?
Chronic parasitism, OPP, starvation, caseous lymphadenitis, bad teeth, and plastic disease
How is Johne’s prevented?
Extensive culling and segregation of replacement ewes
Total de-pop and re-pop
In what population of small ruminants does hemorrhagic enteritis cause high mortality rates?
Neonatal lambs
What usually causes hemorrhagic enteritis?
Clostridium perfringens type C
What toxin causes hemorrhagic enteritis?
Beta toxin
What does beta toxin do?
Causes severe damage to the intestinal epithelium and hemorrhagic necrosis
How is hemorrhagic enteritis prevented?
Immunization and sanitation of the lambing barn
What is the etiologic agent of Yellow Lamb Disease?
C. perfringens type A
What lambs are more commonly affected by yellow lamb disease?
Best doing lambs of 2-6 months of age usually due to overeating
What lesions does yellow lamb disease cause?
Massive intravascular hemolysis
What clinical signs does yellow lamb disease cause?
Anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice
When is yellow lamb disease immunization recommended?
In endemic areas
What differentials should be considered with yellow lamb diseasE?
Leptospirosis, babesiosis, and copper poisoning
What is the main intestinal parasite that effects small ruminants?
Haemonchus contortus
What clinical syndrome does Haemonchus contortus cause?
Severe anemia
What lesion does Haemonchus contortus cause?
Bottle jaw
What are the ‘parasites’ of secondary importance?
Ostertagia circumcincta
Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, nematodirus
What do the parasites of secondary importance cause?
Diarrhea, loose stools, and weight loss
How are intestinal parasites prevented/controlled?
Pasture management vs. Dry lot management
Correct dosing of anthelmintics
Over-reliance on anthelmintics
Don’t switch anthelmintics often
Is a low or high number on the FAMACHA test indicative of anemia?
High number
What are the benefits to using the FAMACHA system?
Can be rapidly applied and is easier than FEC
High correlation between anemia score and severity of disease
Allows for good records and identification of genetically resistant animals
What is refugia?
Maintaining a low population of anthelmintic-sensitive parasites
What cautions need to be taken with the FAMACHA system?
Must be done correctly or will lead to problems
Only addresses Haemonchus
Must be used in combo with other parasite surveillance
Must use the card
Other conditions can affect the color of the 3rd eyelid
What lambs and kids get coccidiosis?
Lambs and kids usually over 3 weeks of age
T/F: Coccidiosis is only a problem in lambs and kids.
False - adult dairy goats get it too
What are the predisposing factors for coccidiosis?
Standing water, muddy lots, and stress
What clinical signs are associated with small ruminant coccidiosis?
Weak, down, or dead lambs or kids
Scouring, black feces, depression, and anorexia
How is Coccidiosis prevented?
Lambing and nursing areas should be dry and well bedded
Prevent overcrowding
Coccidiostats
Rumensin
How is Coccidiosis treated?
Neonates - Amprolium or Trimethoprim-sulfa
Feeder lambs - Amprolium + Sulfamethazine
What causes black disease in small ruminants?
C. novyi type B and Fasciola hepatica
When should small ruminants be vaccinated against black disease?
Prior to placing on pasure in spring or summer
How is black disease treated?
There is no effective treatment
What causes neonatal colibacillosis?
F5 E. coli
What is neonatal colibacillosis also known as?
Watery mouth or rattle-belly
In what conditions is neonatal colibacillosis more common in?
Crowded, dirty conditions
How is colibacillosis prevented?
Shearing before lambing Crutching of ewes Make sure lambs get sufficient colostrum Sanitation Immunization
How is colibacillosis treated?
Rehydration
Keep lambs warm
Antibiotics
What causes club lamb fungus?
Trichophyton verrucosum
What predisposes lambs to club lamb fungus?
Lots of washing, shearing, and grooming - happens in sow lambs
Infected equipment and facilities
T/F: Club lamb fungus is easily transmitted and lots of treatments are needed
True
What predisposes small ruminants to dermatophilosis?
Moisture and minor trauma
Where can dermatophilosis localize?
Back, legs, ears, etc.
How is dermatophilosis treated?
penicillin
T/F: Peste des Petit ruminant is rapidly transmitted and not a problem in the US.
True
What clinical signs are associated with Peste des Petit?
High fever
Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges
High mortality
What lesions are associated with Peste des Petit?
Extensive erosions on oral and pharyngeal mucosa
Enteric lesions - zebra stripes
What vaccinations should ewes get?
C. jejuni and C. fetus fetus CDT Chlamydia abortus Soremouth Caseous lymphadenitis E. coli F5 bacterin Bluetongue OR no vaccination for a closed herd
What vaccinations should lambs get?
2x CDT 4 and 6 weeks of age
Bluetongue in endemic areas
Perfringens type A in endemic areas
+/- Haemonchus contortus vax
