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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 3 - Swine Colibacillosis to Rotavirus > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Swine Colibacillosis to Rotavirus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiologic agent of colibacillosis?

A

E. coli

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2
Q

______ are essential for the attachment of E. coli in the small intestine.

A

Fimbriae

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3
Q

E. coli that are normally found only in the distal _____ of the intestinal tract are not associated with
diarrheal disease.

A

2/3

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4
Q

What fimbrial types adhere throughout the entire intestinal tract? Distal half of small intestine?

A

Entire - F4 (K-88)

Distal 1/2 of SI - F5 (K-99), F6 (987P), and F41

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5
Q

________ are essential in the production of colibacillosis diarrheal disease.

A

Enterotoxins

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6
Q

T/F: STa toxin is associated with E. coli strains that produce post-weaning diarrhea.

A

False - STb toxin

STa toxin is associated with neonatal diarrhea

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7
Q

Problems with E. coli enteritis in neonatal pigs increased dramatically with the advent of
swine ___________ ________.

A

confinement buildings

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8
Q

What has a major effect on the incidence of colibacillosis neonatal diarrhea in pigs?

A

Cleanliness, dryness, and design of farrowing units

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9
Q

Death by E. coli is usually due to what?

A

Extensive fluid loss from the intestines and the resulting severe dehydration

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10
Q

What initial clinical signs are associated with colibacillosis?

A

Signs can vary from acute death without signs of diarrhea to a mild diarrhea with no evidence of dehydration.
Up to 40% of body weight may be lost.

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11
Q

What may the feces look like in acute cases of colibacillosis?

A

Feces may vary from an almost clear fluid to white

or brown depending on the diet

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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with colibacillosis in post-weaning pigs?

A

Same clinical signs as pre-weaning, but milder and lower mortality

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13
Q

Recently, cases of E. coli diarrhea have been occurring in pigs 2 - 3 weeks following weaning and are associated with ______strains that carry enterotoxin genes.

A

F18

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14
Q

What gross lesions are associated with colibacillosis?

A

Distention of the small intestine and loss of tone of the intestinal wall

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15
Q

What microscopic lesions are associated with colibacillosis?

A

Intestinal villi are normal and there is heavy bacterial adherence to the intestinal epithelium

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16
Q

How is colibacillosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Bacteriologic culture of an acutely ill, untreated animal
PCR for typing
rule out other causes

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17
Q

How is colibacillosis treated?

A

Maintain temperature at 32-34 C
Abx based on susceptibility test
Fluids - electrolytes w/ glucose and vitamin C

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18
Q

How is colibacillosis prevented?

A

Sanitation and a dry warm environment
Elevated farrowing crates with perforated floors
Continuous supply of IgA
Immunization

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19
Q

What is the immunization protocol for colibaccilosis?

A

Gilts - 2 doses at 5 and 3 weeks pre-farrowing

Sows - 1 dose at 3 weeks pre-farrowing

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20
Q

When do piglets begin to start producing their own antibodies?

A

At about 10 days of age

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21
Q

Clodstridium perfringens type C enteritis is characterized as what?

A

A severe, usually hemorrhagic enteritis that usually affects pigs within the first week of life (usually the first 3 days).

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22
Q

How is Clostridium perfringens type C transmitted to piglets?

A

via feces typically w/in the first few hours of birth

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23
Q

What are the different forms of C. perfringens type C enteritis?

A

Peracute, acute, subacute, chronic

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24
Q

Characterize peracute C. perfringens type C enteritis.

A

hemorrhagic diarrhea and pigs may die within a

few hours of onset. Occasionally, pigs may die without showing diarrhea.

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25
Characterize acute C. perfringens type C enteritis.
Survive about 2 days and characteristically have reddish-brown liquid feces that contain shreds of necrotic debris
26
Characterize subacute C. perfringens type C enteritis.
Survive 5 to 7 days and do not have a hemorrhagic diarrhea. Their feces may be yellow but then change to a clear fluid. The pigs become progressively emaciated and dehydrated even though their appetites are relatively normal.
27
Characterize chronic C. perfringens type C enteritis.
The pigs may have an intermittent | diarrhea and merely be stunted or die after several weeks.
28
T/F: In cases of C. perfringens type C enteritis, necrosis of the intestinal mucosa occurs in all stages of disease.
False - it usually does not occur in either the subacute and chronic forms of the disease
29
T/F: C. perfringens type C colonizes the SI but does not invade it.
True
30
What toxin does C. perfringens type C produce?
B-toxin
31
What gross lesions are associated with C. perfringens type C enteritis?
Hemorrhagic necrosis of the intestinal epithelium - primarily the jejunum
32
How is C. perfringens type C enteritis diagnosed?
``` Gross lesions (acute form are almost pathognominic) Bacterial culture (acute) Mucosal scrapings Histopath in subacute and chronic cases ```
33
How is C. perfringens type C enteritis treated?
Penicillin and antiserum early
34
How is C. perfringens type C enteritis prevented?
Antitoxin | Immunization
35
What is the immunization protocol for C. perfringens type C enteritis?
Gilts - 2 doses at 5 and 3 weeks pre-farrowing | Sows - 1 dose at 3 weeks pre-farrowing
36
What is the most important toxin in the production of C. perfringens type A disease?
Beta-2 toxin
37
What do the feces look like in piglets with C. perfringens type A infection?
Pasty, soft, and mucoid
38
T/F: C. perfringens type A diarrhea does not result in death, but may suppress the rate of gain
True
39
How is C. perfringens type A infection diagnosed?
C. perfringens type A from the affected areas and subsequent laboratory demonstration of the beta-2 toxin
40
What is the immunization protocol for C. perfringens type A infection?
Gilts get 2 doses, sows get a single dose.
41
How is C. perfringens type A infection treated?
Antibiotic injections to piglets may help but the choice of antibiotics is limited and treatment may actually make the disease worse.
42
What is a common cause of mesocolonic edema?
Clostridoides difficile
43
How is C. difficile transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission is assumed
44
What toxins does C. difficile produce? What type of toxin are they?
Toxin A is an enterotoxin and B is a cytotoxin.
45
What clinical signs are associated with C. difficile infection?
Usually a mild diarrhea that may have a creamy consistency.
46
What gross lesions are associated with C. difficile infection?
Mesocolonic edema | “Volcano lesions” can be observed in the intestinal mucosa
47
How is C. difficile infection diagnosed?
ELISA
48
What is the etiologic agent of Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)?
Alpha coronavirus
49
What is the alpha coronovirus that causes TGE related to?
Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis | virus (HEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).
50
How is TGE transmitted?
Transmitted readily by aerosol and also shed in the feces.
51
Infection of TGE occurs when the virus is _______.
swallowed
52
How long is the incubation period for TGE? How fast does it spread?
18 hours to 3 days | Rapid spread
53
Why is TGE primarily found during winter months?
It survives for long periods of time in frozen tissues It does not survive well in sunlight, drying, heat, and in the presence of disinfectants
54
What type of operations can maintain TGE?
Continuous flow or frequent farrowing operations
55
T/F: Swine are the only species that can transmit TGE
False - starlings, cats, dogs, and foxes can shed it
56
What clinical signs are associated with TGE in young piglets ?
Transient vomiting, watery and usually profuse yellowish diarrhea, rapid dehydration and weight loss
57
What clinical signs are associated with TGE in growing and finishing pigs and sows?
Anorexia and diarrhea for a short period (1 to a few days) and an occasional animal may vomit.
58
What gross lesions are associated with TGE?
Dehydration and distention of the small intestine with yellow and frequently foamy fluid with flecks of curdled milk. Classic TGE - marked shortening or atrophy of the villi in the jejunum and, to a lesser extent, the ileum.
59
How is TGE diagnosed?
Clinical signs and lesions PCR, IHC and VN Detection of viral antigen in frozen sections with immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase tests in acute cases ELISA
60
How is TGE prevented?
Vaccination - oral or parenteral; autoenous vaccination is essentially the only method of immunization practice Good management
61
What management techniques are utilized to control and prevent TGE?
After/during an outbreak, vaccinate all sows that have more than 2 to 2 1/2 weeks before farrowing (three weeks is better).
62
Why is Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV) immunization and post-infection immunity complicated?
Multiple antigenic variants can arise spontaneously
63
What are the 3 PEDV strains that are currently in the US?
Classical PEDV S INDEL strain Non-S INDEL strain
64
T/F: Swine are the only known natural hosts for PEDV.
True
65
How is PEDV transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission is the main mode but contaminated personnel, equipment or other fomites can introduce the virus into a herd. Feed transmission is possible as well
66
Type/severity of PEDV clinical signs depend greatly on what?
Age and immune status
67
In naive neonates, what clinical signs are associated with PEDV?
severe watery diarrhea with essentially 100% | morbidity and 80 to 100% mortality is likely
68
In older pigs with partial immunity, what clinical signs are associated with PEDV?
Similar clinical signs as neonates but to a lesser degree
69
What lesions are associated with PEDV?
Blunting of the small intestinal villi (atrophic enteritis) similar to that observed with TGE virus.
70
How is PEDV diagnosed?
PCR on feces or intestinal contents.
71
How is PEDV prevented?
Simultaneous infection of the sows and gilts on a site Immunization - limited efficacy Strict biosecurity
72
What is the main etiologic agent of coccidiosis?
Isospora suis
73
What needs to happen in order for coccidiosis (clinical disease) to occur?
Neonatal pigs ingest the organism in high numbers
74
What clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?
Yellowish to grayish diarrhea in usually in 7-14-day-old piglets. Loose, pasty feces that become more fluid as the disease progresses. Feces covered with a rancid odor Nursing Dehydrated Rough haircoat Poor weight gain
75
T/F: If you have a hemorrhagic intestinal lesion in a piglet, coccidiosis is not the cause.
Correct - Coccidiosis does not cause hemorrhage even in severe disease.
76
What gross lesions are associated with coccidiosis?
Fibrinonecrotic membrane in the jejunum and ileum
77
What microscopic lesions are associated with coccidiosis?
Villous atrophy, villous fusion, crypt hyperplasia, necrotic enteritis and loss of enterocytes at the tips of the villi.
78
How is coccidiosis diagnosed?
Histopatth, mucosal scrapings, fecal samples
79
How is coccidiosis treated?
Ponazuril - extralabel
80
What main differential should be considered with coccidiosis?
Chronic clostridial enteritis
81
What is key to preventing coccidiosis?
Sanitation
82
T/F: Most rotavirus infections of young pigs are either subclinical or mild and piglets recover without treatment.
True
83
What are the groups of rotavirus that cause disease?
A, B, C, and E
84
What Rotavirus group is responsible for a majority of pre-weaning cases?
Group A
85
What Rotavirus groups are responsible for about half of post-weaning infections?
B and C
86
How is Rotavirus spread?
Through ingestion of fecal-contaminated material
87
Concurrent infection with rotavirus and what is thought to be the most common cause of post-weaning diarrhea?
hemolytic E. coli
88
What clinical signs are associated with Rotavirus infection?
``` Depression, anorexia, and reluctance to move Vomiting may occur immediately after feeding Profuse diarrhea Severe dehydration Up to a 30% weight loss. ```
89
Generally clinical signs in suckled piglets 10 to 21 days and older are (mild/quite severe). If infection occurs after weaning, the disease can be (mild/quite severe) in pigs up to 3 to 8 weeks of age
mild; quite severe
90
What lesions are associated with Rotavirus infection?
Desquamation of villous epithelial cells results in loss of intestinal enzymes and interference with digestion and malabsorption.
91
How is Rotavirus diagnosed?
PCR for A, B, and C IHC or FA ELISA
92
How is Rotavirus infection treated?
Electrolyte-glucose or sucrose solutions | High quality diet following infection
93
How is Rotavirus infection prevented ?
Thorough disinfection +/- Immunization - poor efficacy with multiple serotypes Feedback of farrowing barn manure to sows to boost colostral immunity Fence line exposure of replacement gilts

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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