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LA Infectious Disease > Unit 3 - Swine Colibacillosis to Rotavirus > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Swine Colibacillosis to Rotavirus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiologic agent of colibacillosis?

A

E. coli

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2
Q

______ are essential for the attachment of E. coli in the small intestine.

A

Fimbriae

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3
Q

E. coli that are normally found only in the distal _____ of the intestinal tract are not associated with
diarrheal disease.

A

2/3

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4
Q

What fimbrial types adhere throughout the entire intestinal tract? Distal half of small intestine?

A

Entire - F4 (K-88)

Distal 1/2 of SI - F5 (K-99), F6 (987P), and F41

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5
Q

________ are essential in the production of colibacillosis diarrheal disease.

A

Enterotoxins

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6
Q

T/F: STa toxin is associated with E. coli strains that produce post-weaning diarrhea.

A

False - STb toxin

STa toxin is associated with neonatal diarrhea

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7
Q

Problems with E. coli enteritis in neonatal pigs increased dramatically with the advent of
swine ___________ ________.

A

confinement buildings

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8
Q

What has a major effect on the incidence of colibacillosis neonatal diarrhea in pigs?

A

Cleanliness, dryness, and design of farrowing units

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9
Q

Death by E. coli is usually due to what?

A

Extensive fluid loss from the intestines and the resulting severe dehydration

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10
Q

What initial clinical signs are associated with colibacillosis?

A

Signs can vary from acute death without signs of diarrhea to a mild diarrhea with no evidence of dehydration.
Up to 40% of body weight may be lost.

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11
Q

What may the feces look like in acute cases of colibacillosis?

A

Feces may vary from an almost clear fluid to white

or brown depending on the diet

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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with colibacillosis in post-weaning pigs?

A

Same clinical signs as pre-weaning, but milder and lower mortality

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13
Q

Recently, cases of E. coli diarrhea have been occurring in pigs 2 - 3 weeks following weaning and are associated with ______strains that carry enterotoxin genes.

A

F18

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14
Q

What gross lesions are associated with colibacillosis?

A

Distention of the small intestine and loss of tone of the intestinal wall

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15
Q

What microscopic lesions are associated with colibacillosis?

A

Intestinal villi are normal and there is heavy bacterial adherence to the intestinal epithelium

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16
Q

How is colibacillosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Bacteriologic culture of an acutely ill, untreated animal
PCR for typing
rule out other causes

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17
Q

How is colibacillosis treated?

A

Maintain temperature at 32-34 C
Abx based on susceptibility test
Fluids - electrolytes w/ glucose and vitamin C

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18
Q

How is colibacillosis prevented?

A

Sanitation and a dry warm environment
Elevated farrowing crates with perforated floors
Continuous supply of IgA
Immunization

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19
Q

What is the immunization protocol for colibaccilosis?

A

Gilts - 2 doses at 5 and 3 weeks pre-farrowing

Sows - 1 dose at 3 weeks pre-farrowing

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20
Q

When do piglets begin to start producing their own antibodies?

A

At about 10 days of age

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21
Q

Clodstridium perfringens type C enteritis is characterized as what?

A

A severe, usually hemorrhagic enteritis that usually affects pigs within the first week of life (usually the first 3 days).

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22
Q

How is Clostridium perfringens type C transmitted to piglets?

A

via feces typically w/in the first few hours of birth

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23
Q

What are the different forms of C. perfringens type C enteritis?

A

Peracute, acute, subacute, chronic

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24
Q

Characterize peracute C. perfringens type C enteritis.

A

hemorrhagic diarrhea and pigs may die within a

few hours of onset. Occasionally, pigs may die without showing diarrhea.

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25
Q

Characterize acute C. perfringens type C enteritis.

A

Survive about 2 days and characteristically have reddish-brown liquid feces that contain shreds of necrotic debris

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26
Q

Characterize subacute C. perfringens type C enteritis.

A

Survive 5 to 7 days and do not have a hemorrhagic diarrhea. Their feces may be yellow but then change to a clear fluid. The pigs become progressively
emaciated and dehydrated even though their appetites are relatively normal.

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27
Q

Characterize chronic C. perfringens type C enteritis.

A

The pigs may have an intermittent

diarrhea and merely be stunted or die after several weeks.

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28
Q

T/F: In cases of C. perfringens type C enteritis, necrosis of the intestinal mucosa occurs in all stages of disease.

A

False - it usually does not occur in either the subacute and chronic forms of the disease

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29
Q

T/F: C. perfringens type C colonizes the SI but does not invade it.

A

True

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30
Q

What toxin does C. perfringens type C produce?

A

B-toxin

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31
Q

What gross lesions are associated with C. perfringens type C enteritis?

A

Hemorrhagic necrosis of the intestinal epithelium - primarily the jejunum

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32
Q

How is C. perfringens type C enteritis diagnosed?

A 
Gross lesions (acute form are almost pathognominic)
Bacterial culture (acute)
Mucosal scrapings
Histopath in subacute and chronic cases
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33
Q

How is C. perfringens type C enteritis treated?

A

Penicillin and antiserum early

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34
Q

How is C. perfringens type C enteritis prevented?

A

Antitoxin

Immunization

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35
Q

What is the immunization protocol for C. perfringens type C enteritis?

A

Gilts - 2 doses at 5 and 3 weeks pre-farrowing

Sows - 1 dose at 3 weeks pre-farrowing

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36
Q

What is the most important toxin in the production of C. perfringens type A disease?

A

Beta-2 toxin

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37
Q

What do the feces look like in piglets with C. perfringens type A infection?

A

Pasty, soft, and mucoid

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38
Q

T/F: C. perfringens type A diarrhea does not result in death, but may suppress the rate of gain

A

True

39
Q

How is C. perfringens type A infection diagnosed?

A

C. perfringens type A from the affected areas and subsequent laboratory demonstration of the beta-2 toxin

40
Q

What is the immunization protocol for C. perfringens type A infection?

A

Gilts get 2 doses, sows get a single dose.

41
Q

How is C. perfringens type A infection treated?

A

Antibiotic injections to piglets may help but the choice of antibiotics is limited and treatment may actually make the disease worse.

42
Q

What is a common cause of mesocolonic edema?

A

Clostridoides difficile

43
Q

How is C. difficile transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral transmission is assumed

44
Q

What toxins does C. difficile produce? What type of toxin are they?

A

Toxin A is an enterotoxin and B is a cytotoxin.

45
Q

What clinical signs are associated with C. difficile infection?

A

Usually a mild diarrhea that may have a creamy consistency.

46
Q

What gross lesions are associated with C. difficile infection?

A

Mesocolonic edema

“Volcano lesions” can be observed in the intestinal mucosa

47
Q

How is C. difficile infection diagnosed?

A

ELISA

48
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)?

A

Alpha coronavirus

49
Q

What is the alpha coronovirus that causes TGE related to?

A

Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis

virus (HEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).

50
Q

How is TGE transmitted?

A

Transmitted readily by aerosol and also shed in the feces.

51
Q

Infection of TGE occurs when the virus is _______.

A

swallowed

52
Q

How long is the incubation period for TGE? How fast does it spread?

A

18 hours to 3 days

Rapid spread

53
Q

Why is TGE primarily found during winter months?

A

It survives for long periods of time in frozen tissues

It does not survive well in sunlight, drying, heat, and in the presence of disinfectants

54
Q

What type of operations can maintain TGE?

A

Continuous flow or frequent farrowing operations

55
Q

T/F: Swine are the only species that can transmit TGE

A

False - starlings, cats, dogs, and foxes can shed it

56
Q

What clinical signs are associated with TGE in young piglets ?

A

Transient vomiting, watery and usually profuse yellowish diarrhea, rapid dehydration and weight loss

57
Q

What clinical signs are associated with TGE in growing and finishing pigs and sows?

A

Anorexia and diarrhea for a short period (1 to a few days) and an occasional animal may
vomit.

58
Q

What gross lesions are associated with TGE?

A

Dehydration and distention of the small intestine with yellow and frequently foamy fluid with flecks of curdled milk.
Classic TGE - marked shortening or atrophy of the villi in the jejunum and,
to a lesser extent, the ileum.

59
Q

How is TGE diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs and lesions
PCR, IHC and VN
Detection of viral antigen in frozen sections with immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase tests in acute cases
ELISA

60
Q

How is TGE prevented?

A

Vaccination - oral or parenteral; autoenous vaccination is essentially the only method of immunization practice
Good management

61
Q

What management techniques are utilized to control and prevent TGE?

A

After/during an outbreak, vaccinate all sows that have more than 2 to 2 1/2 weeks before farrowing (three weeks is better).

62
Q

Why is Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV) immunization and post-infection immunity complicated?

A

Multiple antigenic variants can arise spontaneously

63
Q

What are the 3 PEDV strains that are currently in the US?

A

Classical PEDV
S INDEL strain
Non-S INDEL strain

64
Q

T/F: Swine are the only known natural hosts for PEDV.

A

True

65
Q

How is PEDV transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral transmission is the main
mode but contaminated personnel, equipment or other fomites can introduce the virus into a herd.
Feed transmission is possible as well

66
Q

Type/severity of PEDV clinical signs depend greatly on what?

A

Age and immune status

67
Q

In naive neonates, what clinical signs are associated with PEDV?

A

severe watery diarrhea with essentially 100%

morbidity and 80 to 100% mortality is likely

68
Q

In older pigs with partial immunity, what clinical signs are associated with PEDV?

A

Similar clinical signs as neonates but to a lesser degree

69
Q

What lesions are associated with PEDV?

A

Blunting of the small intestinal villi (atrophic enteritis) similar to that observed with TGE virus.

70
Q

How is PEDV diagnosed?

A

PCR on feces or intestinal contents.

71
Q

How is PEDV prevented?

A

Simultaneous infection of the sows and gilts on a site
Immunization - limited efficacy
Strict biosecurity

72
Q

What is the main etiologic agent of coccidiosis?

A

Isospora suis

73
Q

What needs to happen in order for coccidiosis (clinical disease) to occur?

A

Neonatal pigs ingest the organism in high numbers

74
Q

What clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?

A

Yellowish to grayish diarrhea in usually in 7-14-day-old piglets.
Loose, pasty feces that become more fluid as the disease progresses.
Feces covered with a rancid odor
Nursing
Dehydrated
Rough haircoat
Poor weight gain

75
Q

T/F: If you have a hemorrhagic intestinal lesion in a piglet, coccidiosis is not the cause.

A

Correct - Coccidiosis does not cause hemorrhage even in severe disease.

76
Q

What gross lesions are associated with coccidiosis?

A

Fibrinonecrotic membrane in the jejunum and ileum

77
Q

What microscopic lesions are associated with coccidiosis?

A

Villous atrophy, villous fusion, crypt hyperplasia, necrotic enteritis and
loss of enterocytes at the tips of the villi.

78
Q

How is coccidiosis diagnosed?

A

Histopatth, mucosal scrapings, fecal samples

79
Q

How is coccidiosis treated?

A

Ponazuril - extralabel

80
Q

What main differential should be considered with coccidiosis?

A

Chronic clostridial enteritis

81
Q

What is key to preventing coccidiosis?

A

Sanitation

82
Q

T/F: Most rotavirus infections of young pigs are either subclinical or mild and piglets recover without treatment.

A

True

83
Q

What are the groups of rotavirus that cause disease?

A

A, B, C, and E

84
Q

What Rotavirus group is responsible for a majority of pre-weaning cases?

A

Group A

85
Q

What Rotavirus groups are responsible for about half of post-weaning infections?

A

B and C

86
Q

How is Rotavirus spread?

A

Through ingestion of fecal-contaminated material

87
Q

Concurrent infection with rotavirus and what is thought to be the most common cause of post-weaning diarrhea?

A

hemolytic E. coli

88
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Rotavirus infection?

A 
Depression, anorexia, and reluctance to
move
Vomiting may occur immediately after feeding
Profuse diarrhea
Severe dehydration
Up to a 30% weight loss.
89
Q

Generally clinical signs in suckled piglets 10 to 21 days and older are (mild/quite severe). If infection occurs after weaning, the disease can be (mild/quite severe) in pigs up to 3 to 8 weeks of age

A

mild; quite severe

90
Q

What lesions are associated with Rotavirus infection?

A

Desquamation of villous epithelial cells results in loss of intestinal enzymes and interference with digestion and malabsorption.

91
Q

How is Rotavirus diagnosed?

A

PCR for A, B, and C
IHC or FA
ELISA

92
Q

How is Rotavirus infection treated?

A

Electrolyte-glucose or sucrose solutions

High quality diet following infection

93
Q

How is Rotavirus infection prevented ?

A

Thorough disinfection
+/- Immunization - poor efficacy with multiple serotypes
Feedback of farrowing barn manure to sows to boost colostral immunity
Fence line exposure of replacement gilts

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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