Unit 3 Flashcards
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
In prokaryotes, their DNA is in their cytoplasm. Additionally, they do not have membrane bound organelles.
What are the organelles all cells must have
Membrane, cytoskeleton, ribosome
What does a membrane do
Separates the cell form external environment
What does a cytoskeleton do
Helps with structure and mobility
What does the cytoplasm do
Is a solvent and a viscous fluid. It helps with hydration and transportation within the cell
What does the ribosomes do
Help make protein; protein synthesis
What is the cell membrane and what does it do
Selectively permeable. It keeps most stuff out while letting certain things in. Substances exit through the cell membrane
The head of a phospholipid is ____ while the tail of it is _____.
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
What is a glycoprotein?
A protein with a carbohydrate attached
What is a glycolipid?
A lipid with a carbohydrate attached
What does the protein channel do?
Blocks molecules that are too big and too polar
What fibers is the cytoskeleton made up of?
Microfilaments (mf)
Microtubules (mt)
Intermediate filaments (IF)
Cytoskeleton, cell, skeleton:
What do these three have in common?
They can all contract and relax
What are ribosomes made up of?
Two large pieces (of different sizes) made up off protein and RNA.
What is central dogma?
a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.
Explain the process of central dogma?
DNA inside the nucleus makes a message. RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm. RNA meets with ribosome. The ribosome makes protein.
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a cellular permeable membrane
Isotonic (definition)
When the concentration of the solute outside is the same as the concentration of the solute inside the cell. No net movement of water.
Hypertonic (definition)
When the [solute] outside the cell is greater than the [solute] inside. The water is going to move outside the cell. The cell will shrivel up
Hypotonic (definition)
When the [solute] outside the cell is less than the [solute] inside the cell. Water is going to move into the cell. The cell will burst.
What is the equivalent of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic for plant cells?
Flaccid, plasmolyzed, turgid
What levels do plant cells and animal cells want to be at?
Plant cells want to be turgid although being flaccid is fine. Animal cells want to be isotonic.
What is the equivalent of hypertonic and hypotonic for animal cells?
Shriveled, lysed
What is facilitated diffusion?
Membrane spanning protein/channel protein/rate proteins help the molecules move quickly across the membrane
Ion channels (definition)
Channel proteins that allow specific ions to pass
Ligand-gated (definition)
Stimulus is a ligand—a chemical signal
Voltage-gated (definition)
Stimulus is a change in electrical charge difference across the membrane
What does the nucleolus do?
It’s in the nucleus. Makes ribosomes within one area in the nucleus. Produces ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are formed here.
What does the nucleus do?
All the DNA (genetic material) of the cell is found in the nucleus. It determines what the cell is and what does the cell do.
What does the ribosome do?
Build proteins. Prokaryotic and eukaryotes have different ribosomes.
What does the vesicle do?
Can be of various size. Moves material around.
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
You have ribosomes sitting on the outside of it. As the mRNA comes through, proteins will be made. Membranes will also be made here.
What does the Golgi body do?
Modify the proteins by adding carbohydrates. Shipping part of the cell/Helps ship things. The proteins are shipped by transfer vesicles.
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Gives physical structure and mobility to the cell.
What are microtubules made of?
Proteins called tubulin
What do the microtubules do in the cytoskeleton?
Provide compression
What do the microfilaments do in the cytoskeleton?
Tensional support.
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Missing ribosomes. Produces lipids, cholesterol in the cell. Good in detoxification—breaking down toxins.
What does the mitochondria do?
Has its down DNA. Creates energy for the cell to have a home. Creates energy (ATP) for the cell.
What do the vacuoles do?
Stores water.
What does the cytosol do?
Dissolved material of the cell. Also provides solutes.
What do the lysosomes do?
Has digestive enzymes. Help break down things. Can kill the cell by dissolving it.
What do the centrioles do?
Helps with the positioning of the cell. Sets up where the organelles will be. Formation of the spindle during cell division.
Why is surface area so important for a cell?
The more volume, the more surface area. That means there will need more food, more waste, and more metabolic reactions. It also takes too long to move materials around in big cells or get big cells close to each other.
What does the fluid mosaic model describe?
How there is movement of materials along the membrane. How the membrane can move.
What can cholesterol do for phospholipids?
Can connect or separate the phospholipids to withstand the changes in temperature
Where are peripheral proteins found?
On the outside of membranes
Where are integral proteins found?
They are found going through the membrane. They span through the membrane.
What can peripheral proteins do?
They can act as enzymes or attach to the cytoskeleton to help with cell shape.
What organelles are in the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, roughy ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles
Vesicles containing packaged proteins are carried from where to where?
From the rough ER to the Golgi
Before products can be exported form the cell, they must be packaged a what?
Secretory vesicle
What is the difference between resolution and magnification?
Resolution is one’s ability to be able to distinguish between objects that are similar. Magnification is the number of times larger an object appears compared to its actual size.
What does active transport do and use?
Requires energy from the cell, moves against a concentration gradient, always involves channel proteins, moves ions, moves large molecules
What does diffusion do?
Moves along a concentration gradient, molecules pass between phospholipids, moves small no polar and polar molecules
What does facilitated diffusion do?
Move along a concentration gradient, always involves channel proteins, moves ions, moves Large molecules
What do diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common?
They both move along a concentration gradient
What is endocytosis?
When the body needs to take a large amount of stuff. This includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
What is exocytosis?
When the body needs to release a large amount of stuff, like waste.
What is phagocytosis?
When a cell surrounds something to digest and consume it.
What is pinocytosis?
When a cell bends inwards and surrounds something to digest.
