Endocrine System Flashcards
What does the pineal gland do?
Produces melatonin. Makes you sleepy at night time. Combats stress. Improves sleep. Regulates sleeps cycle.
What does melatonin do?
Regulates sleep cycle
What does the thyroid gland do?
Produces thyroid hormones (T3 +T4) and Calcitonin. Increases cell metabolism. Growth and neural development.
What does the T3 hormone do?
Tissue growth, oxygen consumptions. Regulates temperature. Protein synthesis. metabolism
What does the T4 hormone do?
Prohormone for T3.
What does calcitonin do?
Lowers blood calcium levels. Stimulates calcium absorption by the bone.
What does the parathyroid gland do?
Makes PTH (parathyroid hormone).
What does PTH do?
Stimulates the release of calcium from the bone. Stimulates calcium absorption by the gut and kidney. Raises blood calcium by telling bones to release calcium + the intestines to absorb calcium.
What does the Adrenal cortex do?
Creates glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
What do glucocorticoids do?
They all end in the letters “cortisol”. They help with long-term metabolic responses to stress and anti-inflammatory responses.
What do mineralocorticoids do?
All end in the letters “aldosterone”. Involved in salt and water balance.
What does the adrenal medulla do?
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. (adrenaline and noradrenaline). Stimulates immediate flight or flight reactions.
What do the ovaries do?
Release estrogen and progesterone.
What do estrogen and progesterone do?
estrogen - development/maintenance of female sexual parts. progesterone - supports pregnancy
What do the testes do?
Makes androgens (testosterone).
What do androgens (testosterone) do?
Development and maintenance of male sexual parts.
What does the hypothalamus do?
Releases and inhibits hormones to control the anterior pituitary. Makes ADH and oxytocin which are transported and released by the posterior pituitary.
What does the posterior pituitary do?
releases hormones made by the hypothalamus. secretes ADH and oxytocin.
What does ADH and oxytocin do?
adh - antidiuretic hormone. promotes water conservation by the kidneys.
oxytocin - stimulates the contraction of the uterus/flow of milk
What does the anterior pituitary do?
secretes FSH, LH, ACTH, GH< prolactin, MSH, endorphins, and enkephalins.
What do FSH and LH do?
follicle-stimulating hormone - (f) maturation of ovarian follicles (m) stimulates spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormone - (f) triggers ovulation/ovarian productions of estrogens and progesterone. (m) production of testosterone
What does ACTH do?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Stimulates secretory activity of the adrenal cortex.
What does GH do?
growth hormone. stimulates protein synthesis + growth
What does prolactin do?
stimulates milk production.
What does MSH do?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Controls skin pigmentation
What do endorphins and enkephalins do?
pain control
What does the thymus do?
it diminishes in adults. it produces thymosins which place a role in the immune system.
What does the pancreas do?
Releases insulin and glucagon.
What do insulin and glucagon do?
insulin - lowers blood glucose levels.
glucagon - raises blood glucose levels.
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Neck
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Brain
What are hormones made up of?
amino acids or lipids
Water-soluble hormones _________ pass through the cell membrane and therefore bind to receptors _________ the target cell.
cannot; on
Lipid-soluble hormones _________ pass through the cell membrane and therefore bind to receptors _________ the target cell.
can; inside
What is a hormone cascade?
one hormone triggers the release of another, which in turn triggers the release of yet another hormone.
What are steroid hormones?
Lipid soluble and can pass through the cell membrane through simple diffusion.
Exocrine vs Endocrine
Exocrine - chemicals produced by the gland are secreted to the skin surface.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted into the capillaries/bloodstream.
