Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
What charge does an electron have?
Negative
What charge does a proton have?
Positive
What charge does a neutron have?
Neutral
What atom do all organic molecules have?
Carbon
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element is made up of one thing. A compound is made up of multiple elements.
What are the four essential elements?
C, H, O, and N
What are trace elements?
Trace elements are elements that people only need minute (tiny) quantities of. Ex: iron and zinc
The atomic mass is based on what?
The number of protons + the number of neutrons
In a neutral atom, what is the relationship between the protons and electrons?
The number of protons and electrons are equal to each other.
What does a subscript represent?
The amount of atoms in the molecule
What does a coefficient represent?
Number of molecules
What does the superscript represent?
The ion (charge)
What is the difference between non polar and polar bonds?
Non polar bonds have equal sharing while polar bonds do not.
What are the properties of water?
Universal solvent. Freezes and floats. Cohesion (sticks to each other). Adhesion (sticks to other polar molecules). High specific heat.
What part of water is slightly positive?
Hydrogen
What is a solution?
A mixture of a solute and solvent
What part of water is slightly negative?
Oxygen
What is a solute?
A substance that is put into the solvent to dissolve.
What is a solvent?
The substance that dissolves the solute
What is a concentration?
How much solute is in a given solvent. The symbol for concentration is []
What is capillary action?
Due to cohesion and adhesion, water acts like a magnet and can pull itself up against gravity.
What is density?
Mass divided by volume
What is an acid?
An acid is a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution. It is also called a proton giver.
What is a base?
A base is any substance that reduced the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution. (More OH- ions, hydroxide ion). It is also called a proton acceptor.
What is a buffer?
Substances that MINIMIZE changes in the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution.
What are buffers made up of?
A weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid
What are isomers?
Molecules with the same molecule formula but different structures and properties.
What are hydrocarbons?
Consist of only hydrogen and carbon. Sections of these are found in many of a cells organize molecules.
What are the suffixes for a single bond, double bond, and triple bond with another carbon?
-ane, -ene, -yne
What is steric hindrance?
When molecules get in each other’s way.
What is a polypeptide?
A protein
What is denaturing?
The unfolding of an protein.
What are the four stages of protein folding?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is primary structure?
Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Linear or ribbon-like.
What is secondary structure?
Folding or coiling of the polypeptide into a repeating pattern. carbonyl will bind to a amine of another amino acid.
What is tertiary structure?
Overall shape is formed. Results form interactions between amino acids and r groups.
What is quaternary structure?
Multiple polypeptide associate, each serving as a subunit of a large structure.
What forms a peptide bond?
Amino acids bonding to each other
What do enzymes bond to in a substrate?
The active site.
What is induced fit?
The enzyme changes shape as the enzyme connects. The substrate’s shape may also change shape.
What is the rate of enzyme activity controlled by?
The pH, concentration of the substrate and enzyme. This can wear out the enzyme.
What is negative feedback?
A process that stops another process.
What is competitive inhibition?
When there is a blockage of the active site.
What is non competitive inhibition?
A substrate cannot bind as the shape of the enzyme is changed. This is because another enzyme is bonding at another place.
What are lipids made of?
C, H, and O
What are carbohydrates made of?
C, H, and O
What are proteins made of?
C, H, O, and N
What are nuclei acids made of?
C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus
What do carbohydrates do?
Energy source for cell. Produce structural support. Found on the surface of the cell. Short, quick energy.
What do lipids do?
Non polar and hydrophobic. Store long term energy.
What do proteins do?
Help in metabolism by producing structural support. Acts as enzymes, carriers, or hormones.
What do nuclei acids do?
Made up of repeating units of nucleotides that direct cell division and protein synthesis.
What are nucleotides made up of?
Pentode sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
What are the types of nuclei acids?
DNA and RNA
What do all amino acids have in common?
Amine group, carboxylic acid group, and an R group
What bonds do sugar molecules make?
Glucosidic bond
What bonds are made when amino acids bond?
Peptide bond
What bonds are made when fatty acids are joined to a glycerol?
Ester bond
What is dehydration synthesis?
And H2O is taken away from the two reactants.
