Flower Reproduction Flashcards
What are some characteristics of the kingdom Plantae?
Multicellular. Photosynthetic. Eukaryotic cells. Found land or at sea. Derived from green algae. Has chlorophyll and cellulose in cell walls.
Symplast vs Apoplast
Symplast - through cytoplasm.
Apoplast - through cell walls
What are plasmodesmata?
Intercellular pores that allow the transport of substances between cells.
Source vs sink
Source - leaf
Sink - root, fruit
Sources transport carbs from photosynthesis to the sink.
What are parts of flowers all genders have?
Petal and Sepal
What are the male reproductive parts of flowers?
Stamen: Anther and Filament.
What are the female reproductive parts of flowers?
Pistal: Stigma, Style, Ovary
Ovum
What does the stamen, anther, and filament do?
The stamen is made up of the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen. The filament is the stalk-like structure that holds the anther.
What is pollen?
An immature male gametophyte.
How does pollen formation work?
Anther contains the microsporangia.
Microsporangia (2n) crates 4 haploid microspores by meiosis.
Each microscope will undergo mitosis to make a generative and tube cell.
Generative cell goes through mitosis to create two sperm.
What two sperm are created in pollen formation?
- Fertilize egg
- Fertilize polar nuclei —> which makes sperm
What does the vegetative nuclei do?
It creates the pollen tube
The sperm made in pollen formation is…
haploid
diploid
triploid
Triploid. It provides food for the zygote.
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma.
What animals can help in pollen dispersal?
Insects: bees, wasps
Birds: hummingbirds
Mammals: bats, mice
Animal vs wind pollination
Animal: sticky, barked cells
Wind: lightweight, small, smooth cells
What can the shape of the pollen impact?
How it’s transported.
What happens after pollination occurs?
The tube nucleus (vegetative) will begin to produce a pollen tube. This will transfer the generative nuclei for double fertilization.
What is the carpel or pistil?
It contains the stigma, style. Ovary, and ovules
What is the stigma?
Where pollen sticks to
What is the style?
The long tube that connects the stigma to the ovary
What is the ovary?
Enlarged structure at the base of rheumatoid carpel/pistil where the ovules are located. It will become the fruit.
What are ovules?
Contains female gametophyte; becomes the seed.
What happens in egg formation?
Megaspores divides meiotically to create 4 haploid mega spores.
Three of them die
3 mitosis divisions happen
8 cells are made: 1 egg, 2 synergids, 2 polar nuclei, 3 antipodal cells
What does the egg do?
It is fertilized by the sperm. It is between the two synergids in the bottom of the female gametophyte.
What do the synergids do?
They feed the egg cell. They sandwich the egg in the bottom of the female gametophyte.
What are polar nuclei?
They create endosperm. They’re located in the center of the female gametophyte.
What is the process of double fertilization?
- tube cell create pollo. Tube down the style until it reaches the micropile
- The 2 sperm follow the path to the sperm
- One sperm fertilizes the egg, making a diploid zygote
- Other sperm fuses with BOTH polar nuclei, creating a triploid nucleus. This divided and forms the endosperm.
- Ovule is now a seed; the ovary develops into a fruit.
What does the endosperm do?
Nourishment and food for the zygote.
What is the micropyle?
The opening of the ovule.
What are the 2 nuclei of pollen?
Generative nucleus and tube nucleus
