Flower Reproduction

Question 1

What are some characteristics of the kingdom Plantae?

Answer 1

Multicellular. Photosynthetic. Eukaryotic cells. Found land or at sea. Derived from green algae. Has chlorophyll and cellulose in cell walls.

Question 2

Symplast vs Apoplast

Answer 2

Symplast - through cytoplasm.
Apoplast - through cell walls

Question 3

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 3

Intercellular pores that allow the transport of substances between cells.

Question 4

Source vs sink

Answer 4

Source - leaf
Sink - root, fruit
Sources transport carbs from photosynthesis to the sink.

Question 5

What are parts of flowers all genders have?

Answer 5

Petal and Sepal

Question 6

What are the male reproductive parts of flowers?

Answer 6

Stamen: Anther and Filament.

Question 7

What are the female reproductive parts of flowers?

Answer 7

Pistal: Stigma, Style, Ovary
Ovum

Question 8

What does the stamen, anther, and filament do?

Answer 8

The stamen is made up of the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen. The filament is the stalk-like structure that holds the anther.

Question 9

What is pollen?

Answer 9

An immature male gametophyte.

Question 10

How does pollen formation work?

Answer 10

Anther contains the microsporangia.
Microsporangia (2n) crates 4 haploid microspores by meiosis.
Each microscope will undergo mitosis to make a generative and tube cell.
Generative cell goes through mitosis to create two sperm.

Question 11

What two sperm are created in pollen formation?

Answer 11

1. Fertilize egg
2. Fertilize polar nuclei —> which makes sperm

Question 12

What does the vegetative nuclei do?

Answer 12

It creates the pollen tube

Question 13

The sperm made in pollen formation is…
haploid
diploid
triploid

Answer 13

Triploid. It provides food for the zygote.

Question 14

What is pollination?

Answer 14

The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma.

Question 15

What animals can help in pollen dispersal?

Answer 15

Insects: bees, wasps
Birds: hummingbirds
Mammals: bats, mice

Question 16

Animal vs wind pollination

Answer 16

Animal: sticky, barked cells
Wind: lightweight, small, smooth cells

Question 17

What can the shape of the pollen impact?

Answer 17

How it’s transported.

Question 18

What happens after pollination occurs?

Answer 18

The tube nucleus (vegetative) will begin to produce a pollen tube. This will transfer the generative nuclei for double fertilization.

Question 19

What is the carpel or pistil?

Answer 19

It contains the stigma, style. Ovary, and ovules

Question 20

What is the stigma?

Answer 20

Where pollen sticks to

Question 21

What is the style?

Answer 21

The long tube that connects the stigma to the ovary

Question 22

What is the ovary?

Answer 22

Enlarged structure at the base of rheumatoid carpel/pistil where the ovules are located. It will become the fruit.

Question 23

What are ovules?

Answer 23

Contains female gametophyte; becomes the seed.

Question 24

What happens in egg formation?

Answer 24

Megaspores divides meiotically to create 4 haploid mega spores.
Three of them die
3 mitosis divisions happen
8 cells are made: 1 egg, 2 synergids, 2 polar nuclei, 3 antipodal cells

Question 25

What does the egg do?

Answer 25

It is fertilized by the sperm. It is between the two synergids in the bottom of the female gametophyte.

Question 26

What do the synergids do?

Answer 26

They feed the egg cell. They sandwich the egg in the bottom of the female gametophyte.

Question 27

What are polar nuclei?

Answer 27

They create endosperm. They’re located in the center of the female gametophyte.

Question 28

What is the process of double fertilization?

Answer 28

1. tube cell create pollo. Tube down the style until it reaches the micropile
2. The 2 sperm follow the path to the sperm
3. One sperm fertilizes the egg, making a diploid zygote
4. Other sperm fuses with BOTH polar nuclei, creating a triploid nucleus. This divided and forms the endosperm.
5. Ovule is now a seed; the ovary develops into a fruit.

Question 29

What does the endosperm do?

Answer 29

Nourishment and food for the zygote.

Question 30

What is the micropyle?

Answer 30

The opening of the ovule.

Question 31

What are the 2 nuclei of pollen?

Answer 31

Generative nucleus and tube nucleus