Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place?
The cytoplasm
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic
What does anaerobic and aerobic mean?
Anaerobic means that something does not require oxygen. Aerobic means that something does require oxygen.
In glycolysis, what is glucose broken down into?
Pyruvate
What does glycolysis need to start?
ATP
What is the net yield for glycolysis?
Two pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH
What is NADH?
A coenzyme that has the ability to transfer electrons.
What is the next step of cellular respiration?
The intermediate step; pyruvate oxidation
What happens during the intermediate step?
The two pyruvate are transpired by active transport into the mitochondria (specifically the mitochondrial matrix).
What happens when the pyruvate is transported to the mitochondrial matrix?
The two pyruvate are oxidized. Then, they are converted into two acetyl CoA. Additionally, CO2 is released, and 2 NADH are produced.
What is the second step of cellular respiration?
The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Where does the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) take place?
In the mitochondrial matrix
Is the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
What is produced in the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
What is released in the Krebs cycle?
CO2
What is FADH2?
A coenzyme that assists in transferring electrons
What is the third step of cellular respiration?
The electron transport chain AND chemiosmosis
What does ETC stand for?
Electron transport chain
Where does ETC and chemiosmosis take place?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
Is ETC and chemiosmosis aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
What happens in ETC?
Electrons are transferred from the NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes and electron carriers.
What are electrons used for in ETC?
Electrons generate a proton gradient as protons are pumped across to the inter membrane space. (Note: this cases an electrical and chemical gradient.)
How can protons travel through membranes?
Through an enzyme called ATP synthase
What happens in chemiosmosis?
The protons travel down their electrochemical gradient through a portion of the ATP synthase, powering it to make ATP.
What is the final acceptor of the electrons in ETC and chemiosmosis?
Oxygen
What is made in ETC and chemiosmosis?
26-34 molecules of ATP.
How much ATP can be made with one glucose?
30-38 ATP
Can ATP be made with no oxygen?
Yes
How can ATP be made with no oxygen
Fermentation
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcoholic and Lactic Acid
What is the nemonic LEO GER?
Leo Electrons - Oxidized; Gain Electrons - Reduced
What is alcoholic fermentation done by?
Some types of yeast
What is used in alcoholic fermentation?
The two pyruvate from glycolysis
In alcoholic fermentation, what will the 2 pyruvate become?
Carbon dioxide gets released and 2 ethanol are made (alcohol)
Note: the derivative of pyruvate—acetaldehyde—can act as an electron acceptor. This helps the two NADH oxidize into two NAD+ so glycolysis can start over.
What cells do lactic acid fermentation?
Cells, eg. muscle cells
How does lactic acid fermentation start?
The two pyruvate
What is made from the two pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation?
Two lactate. Additionally, pyruvate can act as an electron acceptor allowing the two NADH to be oxidized to two NAD+ so glycolysis can happen again.
