Types of research methods

Question 1

what are the ethical guidelines informed consent

Answer 1

giving informed consent knowing the aims of the experiment and giving permission to take part in research and must be signed if under 16 parents must sign as well or assumed consent by asking a similar group of people
Retrospective consent asking participants during debrief

Question 2

what is deception

Answer 2

normally occurring where the participant isn’t fully aware of the aims delibareltky withholding information of misinforming the participants ofr there has been some lying during the experiment this must all bee told during the debrief includes deception about other participants and the true aim of the research and reassure that behaviour is normal

Question 3

what is protectin from harm

Answer 3

the participants shouldn’t experience ny psychological emotional or physical harm if they do its unethical and must be given some support after the research by counseling and check up after. 1 year

Question 4

privacy and confidentiality

Answer 4

the right to protect private and personal information names shouldn’t be published and initials ony used

Question 5

right to withdraw

Answer 5

the participants should be reminded before that they can leave the research whenever they feel like it and if they decide this their information will be deleted

Question 6

what is self report

Answer 6

getting information from what the participant is telling the researcher no observation is included and delivering information first hand to the researcher

Question 7

what is open question and strength and weakness

Answer 7

it is a question which doesn’t have set answer and answer can vary and usually indepth to show feeling expression of emotion is a strength
weakness is that it can be hard to analyse and compare information and may need to go through irrelevant information

Question 8

what is a closed answer strength and weakness

Answer 8

it is a question with a fixed answer and response is predeterminestrength usually one answer so it is a short to answer and can be compared to analyse it is closed so very hort answer inability to give indepth of information or resons why they have though or answred the question

Question 9

what is unstructured interview

Answer 9

it is an interview which isn’t structure with genral points that the interviewer can ask but then interviewer can elaborate and ask follow up question based on the particpants response each interview will have a different set of question

Question 10

strength and weakness of interview

Answer 10

as no question determines the researcher can ask question in order to gain more information which allows an indepthful information
however need to be trained to do unstructured interview and can be hard to analyse question and data

Question 11

what is a structured interview

Answer 11

predetermined question to ask the interviewee they al have the same format and question and the interviewer cannot ask follow up question even if they wanted to

Question 12

strength na dweakness of structured interview

Answer 12

it has same structure and question so information can be gathered and compared more easily also it doesn’t require peialit traiing as it just ask question
weakness is that it cannot ask follow up question which would allow more of an indepth information

Question 13

what are interviews genrally

Answer 13

Interviews are self-report techniques that involve an experimenter asking participants questions (generally on a one-to-one basis) and recording their responses.

Question 14

what ra ethe overall strength of interviews

Answer 14

it is time consuming to conduct interviews as it requires face to face discussions-
Interviews require participants to have basic competencies for interviews to be successful (e.g. adequate communication skills, memory, honesty) which could potentially limit the sample’s size and representativeness of the population if not met.

Question 15

what are behavioural categories

Answer 15

they are operationalised categories which label behaviours and can be defined so that they can be observed and measured it needs to be clear and ambiguous and no overlap

Question 16

what is event sampling and strength and weakness

Answer 16

everytime a specific behaviour from the predetermined checklist is observed and then recorded during specific time
it allows the whole time to be observed so can record the frequency of the behaviour especially if it is an infrequent behaviour as t may be missed, however if behaviour categories are too ambiguous or specific it may cause innacurate recording of behaviour as it may be overlooked

Question 17

what is time sampling

Answer 17

at set time intervas the specific behaviour that are predetermined from a checklist is being carried out a certain sset time
it is more representive as it is over time
however if the behaviour is infrequent it can be missed as it may not be shown during the interval of obsevration

Question 18

what is a questionare

Answer 18

a list of predetrined questions given to participants to fill out then the data is collected and compared it is first hand data

Question 19

what are the different types of question or scales

Answer 19

the lickert scale is wherethere is how highly you agree with something and number are given from 1-5 highly agree to disagree
rating scale is how your feeling best match the presented words
fixed choice scale predetermined option and the participant chooses the option which is most suitable it to thm

Question 20

what are the strength of question and the weakness

Answer 20

it can quickly gather large amount of data from large amount of people
they are easy to complete and quick to complete it is also ethical as they know that they are completing the questionnaire and giving data free hand and first hand
unable to ask question if they don’t answer questions which may lead to some questions not being answered or answering be incorrect
docil desirability may want to impress the researcher so may lie to the researcher

Question 21

what is inter rate reliability

Answer 21

researchers observing behaviour need to remain objective and the interater reliability enables objective observation

Question 22

whatis the different types of inter rate reliability and the reasons behind it

Answer 22

low inter rater relaibitly gaining different result or finding of observation at be caused by the behaviour category being too specific or ambiguous or they may be observing different behaviours
high inter rater reliability agrreing on observation finding due to specific and objective behavioural categories which can be understood

Question 23

how to ensure inter rater reliability

Answer 23

get other observers to oibserve the observation usually two external obsevrers they should observe the same behaviour at the same time and compare their observation using a correltion

Question 24

what are observation

Answer 24

seeing people what they do without having to aks them to do things and can observe them in natural setting

Question 25

what is a covert obsevrvation

Answer 25

are unaware that they are being observed or they are the focus of the observation
strength is that investigator effect are unlikely as they don’t know they are being observed and so their behaviour is natural
less ethical as they may carry out behaviours or action that might be confidential or embarassing

Question 26

what is overt obsevrtaion

Answer 26

the participant know that their behaviour is being observed and give informed consent
strength it is ethical as they give informed consent and know they are being obsevrd
weakness they know they are being observed so it may lead to more unnatural behaviour as they know their behaviour is being observed so may show demand characteristics or social desirabilty

Question 27

what is controlled observation

Answer 27

control over some external variable and observation take place ina lab and some manipulation over variable
it has control over variable so decresing the effects of extraneous variables and ti is controlled and standardised so can relicated an be reliable and inter rter reliableweakness is that it is in a unnatural setting so may show unnatural behaviour sue to deman characteristics or social desriabiltiy

Question 28

Natural observation

Answer 28

take place in real life situation with little manipulation or control over extraneous of variable
behaviour is more ecological and natural so observation can be related to real life finding
extraneous variable can affect the observation also it isn’t standardised so hard to replicate decrease the reliabilty

Question 29

whatis participant observation

Answer 29

becoming a participant to observe the behaviour of the participant of the group
it allows them to oserve the group thorugh the inside and exoerience their experiences first hand nd don’t miss behaviours as they are close to the participants
weakness is that their precense may lead to unatura l behaviour such as social desirability
Also hard to be a participant and record data she may also become subjective once taking part in an experiment

Question 30

non participant observation

Answer 30

observe outside of the group and stay seprate form the group
investigator effect are less so they are less far fro mparrtcipants and so more natural behaviour
they don’t gather indepth and may miss behaviours

Question 31

what are unstructured observation

Answer 31

write down everything that occurs during observation and its rich in detail small scale only few participants
strength is that it is rich in detail and don’t miss behaviour
however it may be hard to compare obsercations and they may only nrecord the information which catches their attention so investigator bias

Question 32

what are structured observatin

Answer 32

record specific behaviour which are the main forcus on the research it allows objectify and uatfy the observation
it allows easy comparison and a lot simpler
if too specific may miss out detail and overlook

Question 33

What is included in a consent form

Answer 33

A description of task you are going to be carried out
Right to withdraw
Right to confidentially 
Contact detail 
Any question
Sign in and parents sign of under 16

Question 34

What does debrief include

Answer 34

Extra information which want me included including true aims and confederates and any other deception
Assurance of confidentiality and assurance of right to withdraw
Ask any question

Question 35

How to do integrated reliability

Answer 35

Get two or more observers to observe same activity and given a time the then record data independently and compare their data string correlation is positive and high inter rater relaibilty