tuo

Question 1

was defined in terms of the presence or absence
of disease.

Answer 1

y healt

Question 2

he/she defined health as a state
of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the
fullest extent

Answer 2

Florence Nightingale (1860/1969)

Question 3

defines health as “a state
of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Answer 3

The World Health Organization

Question 4

“conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles”

Answer 4

Talcott Parsons (

Question 5

creator
of the concept “sick role,”

Answer 5

Talcott Parsons (

Question 6

is a state of well-being

Answer 6

Wellness

Question 7

they propose seven components of wellness

Answer 7

Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato (2011)

Question 8

seven components of wellness

Answer 8

Environmental.
Social.
Emotional
Physical
Spiritual.
Intellectual
Occupational

Question 9

is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well . . .can be described objectively, experienced, and measured . . .
and can be plotted on a continuum”

Answer 9

“Well-being

Question 10

MODELS OF HEALTH
AND WELLNESS

Answer 10

Clinical Model
Role Performance Model
Adaptive Model
Eudaimonistic Model
Agent–Host–Environment Model
Health–Illness Continua

Question 11

The narrowest interpretation of health occurs in the

Answer 11

Clinical Model

Question 12

People are viewed as physiological systems with related functions,
and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of
disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick.” In this
model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.

Answer 12

Clinical Model

Question 13

Many medical practitioners have used the _____ in their
focus on the relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination
of malfunction and pain. When these signs and symptoms are no
longer present, the medical practitioner considers the individual’s
health restored.

Answer 13

Clinical Model

Question 14

Health is defined in terms of an individual’s ability to fulfill societal
roles, that is, to perform his or her work. People usually fulfill several roles (e.g., mother, daughter, friend), and certain individuals may
consider nonwork roles the most important ones in their lives.

Answer 14

Role Performance Model

Question 15

According to this model, people who can fulfill their roles are healthy
even if they have clinical illness.

Answer 15

Role Performance Model

Question 16

In the ___ model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure
in adaptation, or maladaptation

Answer 16

Adaptive Model

Question 17

The aim of treatment is to restore
the ability of the person to adapt, that is, to cope. According to this
model, extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the environment
and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage

Answer 17

Adaptive Model

Question 18

views the person as an adaptive system

Answer 18

Roy adaptation model of nursing (Roy, 2009)

Question 19

The focus of this model
is stability, although there is also an element of growth and change

Answer 19

Adaptive Model

Question 20

The __ model incorporates a comprehensive view of
health.

Answer 20

Eudaimonistic Model

Question 21

Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of
a person’s potential

Answer 21

Eudaimonistic Model

Question 22

Actualization is the apex of the fully developed
personality, described by

Answer 22

Abraham Maslow

Question 23

In
this model the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development, which is actualization

Answer 23

Eudaimonistic Model

Question 24

Illness, in this model, is a
condition that prevents self-actualization

Answer 24

Eudaimonistic Model

Question 25

who states that health is the expansion of consciousness. The basic assumptions of this model or theory are: Health is an evolving unitary pattern of the whole, including patterns of disease. Consciousness is the informational capacity of the whole and is revealed in the evolving pattern. Pattern identifies the human–environmental process and is characterized by meaning

Answer 25

Margaret Newman (2008)

Question 26

Another eudaimonistic model of this type is that of

Answer 26

Margaret Newman (2008)

Question 27

also called the ecologic model

Answer 27

Agent–Host–Environment Model

Question 28

originated in the community health work of Leavell and Clark (1965) and has been expanded into a general theory of the multiple causes of disease.

Answer 28

Agent–Host–Environment Model

Question 29

The model is used primarily in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness

Answer 29

Agent–Host–Environment Model

Question 30

Any environmental factor or stressor (biologic, chemical, mechanical, physical, or psychosocial) that by its presence or absence (e.g., lack of essential nutrients) can lead to illness or disease

Answer 30

Agent.

Question 31

Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease. Family history, age, and lifestyle habits influence the host’s reaction

Answer 31

Host

Question 32

a (grids or graduated scales) can be used to measure a person’s perceived level of wellness

Answer 32

Health–Illness Continua

Question 33

All factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease. Physical environment includes climate, living conditions, sound (noise) levels, and economic level. Social environment includes interactions with others and life events, such as the death of a spouse.

Answer 33

Environment

Question 34

Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum

Answer 34

Health–Illness Continua

Question 35

described a health grid in which a health axis and an environmental axis intersect

Answer 35

DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID

Question 36

The grid demonstrates the interaction of the environment with the illness–wellness continuum

Answer 36

DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID

Question 37

The intersection of the two axes forms four quadrants of health and wellness:

Answer 37

1. High-level wellness in a favorable environment 2.Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment 3 Protected poor health in a favorable environment 4. Poor health in an unfavorable environment

Question 38

An example is a person who implements healthy lifestyle behaviors and has the biopsychosocial, spiritual, and economic resources to support this lifestyle.

Answer 38

. High-level wellness in a favorable environment.

Question 39

An example is a woman who has the knowledge to implement healthy lifestyle practices but does not implement adequate selfcare practices because of family responsibilities, job demands, or other factors

Answer 39

. Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment

Question 40

An example is an ill person (e.g., one with multiple fractures or severe hypertension) whose needs are met by the health care system and who has access to appropriate medications, diet, and health care instruction.

Answer 40

Protected poor health in a favorable environment.

Question 41

An example is a young child who is starving in a drought-stricken country.

Answer 41

Poor health in an unfavorable environment.

Question 42

The ____ developed by Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato (2011) ranges from optimal health to premature death

Answer 42

llness–wellness continuum

Question 43

The illness–wellness continuum developed by ___

Answer 43

Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato

Question 44

The model illustrates arrows pointing in opposite directions and joined at a neutral point.. Movement to the right of the neutral point indicates increasing levels of health and wellness for an individual.

Answer 44

ILLNESS–WELLNESS CONTINUUM

Question 45

State of health of an individual at a given time. A report of health status may include anxiety, depression, or acute illness and thus describe the individual’s problem in general. Health status can also describe such specifics as pulse rate and body temperature.

Answer 45

Health status.

Question 46

Concepts about health that an individual believes are true.

Answer 46

Health beliefs

Question 47

The actions people take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential.

Answer 47

Health behaviors

Question 48

______ variables include biologic, psychological, and cognitive dimensions.

Answer 48

Internal Variables

Question 49

They are often described as nonmodifiable variables because, for the most part, they cannot be changed.

Answer 49

Internal Variables

Question 50

internal variables dimension

Answer 50

BIOLOGIC DIMENSION PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION COGNITIVE DIMENSION

Question 51

Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level all significantly influence a person’s health.

Answer 51

BIOLOGIC DIMENSION

Question 52

influences biologic characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and intellectual potential. It has been related to susceptibility to specific disease, such as diabetes and breast cancer

Answer 52

Genetic makeup

Question 53

BIOLOGIC DIMENSION

Answer 53

Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level

Question 54

PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION Psychological (emotional) factors influencing health include

Answer 54

mind– body interactions and self-concept

Question 55

this factor can affect health status positively or negatively. Emotional responses to stress affect body function

Answer 55

Mind–body interactions

Question 56

is how a person feels about self (self-esteem) and perceives the physical self (body image), needs, roles, and abilities.

Answer 56

Self-concept

Question 57

COGNITIVE DIMENSION Cognitive or intellectual factors influencing health include

Answer 57

lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs

Question 58

refers to a person’s general way of living, including living conditions and individual patterns of behavior that are influenced by sociocultural factors and personal characteristics

Answer 58

Lifestyle

Question 59

Practices that have potentially negative effects on health are often referred to as

Answer 59

risk factors.

Question 60

variables affecting health include the physical environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs, and social support networks.

Answer 60

External Variables

Question 61

HEALTH BELIEF MODELS

Answer 61

Health Locus of Control Model Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models

Question 62

is based on the assumption that health-related action depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three factors: (1) sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important, (2) belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem or its consequences, and (3) belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial

Answer 62

Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models

Question 63

The model includes individual perceptions, modifying factors, and variables likely to affect initiating action.

Answer 63

Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models

Question 64

Rosenstock and Becker’s health belief model (Rosenstock, Strecher, & Becker, 1988) is based on the assumption that health-related action depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three factors:

Answer 64

(1) sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important, (2) belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem or its consequences, and (3) belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial.

Question 65

INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS of Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models

Answer 65

Perceived susceptibility. * Perceived seriousness. * Perceived threat.

Question 66

INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS A family history of a certain disorder, such as diabetes or heart disease, may make the individual feel at increased risk. Awareness of personal high-risk lifestyle behaviors also increases perceived susceptibility.

Answer 66

Perceived susceptibility

Question 67

INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS In the perception of the individual, does the illness cause death or have serious consequences? For example, concern about the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reflects the general public’s perception of the seriousness of this illness.

Answer 67

Perceived seriousness

Question 68

INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS Perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness combine to determine the total perceived threat of an illness to a specific individual.

Answer 68

Perceived threat

Question 69

MODIFYING FACTORS Factors that modify a person’s perceptions include the following:

Answer 69

* Demographic variables. * Sociopsychological variables. * Structural variables. * Cues to action.

Question 70

is the extent to which an individual’s behavior (for example, taking medications, following diets, or making lifestyle changes) coincides with medical or health advice.

Answer 70

Adherence

Question 71

is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished.

Answer 71

Illness

Question 72

can be described as an alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span

Answer 72

Disease

Question 73

The causation of a disease or condition is called its

Answer 73

etiology.

Question 74

___ when the symptoms disappear,

Answer 74

remission, when the symptoms disappear,

Question 75

____ when the symptoms reappear

Answer 75

exacerbation,

Question 76

When people become ill, they behave in certain ways that sociologists refer to as

Answer 76

illness behavior.

Question 77

, a coping mechanism, involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system.

Answer 77

illness behavior.

Question 78

who described five stages of illness:

Answer 78

Suchman (1979)

Question 79

described five stages of illness:

Answer 79

STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCES STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT STAGE 4: DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION