tuo Flashcards
was defined in terms of the presence or absence
of disease.
y healt
he/she defined health as a state
of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the
fullest extent
Florence Nightingale (1860/1969)
defines health as “a state
of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.”
The World Health Organization
“conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles”
Talcott Parsons (
creator
of the concept “sick role,”
Talcott Parsons (
is a state of well-being
Wellness
they propose seven components of wellness
Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato (2011)
seven components of wellness
Environmental.
Social.
Emotional
Physical
Spiritual.
Intellectual
Occupational
is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well . . .can be described objectively, experienced, and measured . . .
and can be plotted on a continuum”
“Well-being
MODELS OF HEALTH
AND WELLNESS
Clinical Model
Role Performance Model
Adaptive Model
Eudaimonistic Model
Agent–Host–Environment Model
Health–Illness Continua
The narrowest interpretation of health occurs in the
Clinical Model
People are viewed as physiological systems with related functions,
and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of
disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick.” In this
model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.
Clinical Model
Many medical practitioners have used the _____ in their
focus on the relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination
of malfunction and pain. When these signs and symptoms are no
longer present, the medical practitioner considers the individual’s
health restored.
Clinical Model
Health is defined in terms of an individual’s ability to fulfill societal
roles, that is, to perform his or her work. People usually fulfill several roles (e.g., mother, daughter, friend), and certain individuals may
consider nonwork roles the most important ones in their lives.
Role Performance Model
According to this model, people who can fulfill their roles are healthy
even if they have clinical illness.
Role Performance Model
In the ___ model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure
in adaptation, or maladaptation
Adaptive Model
The aim of treatment is to restore
the ability of the person to adapt, that is, to cope. According to this
model, extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the environment
and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage
Adaptive Model
views the person as an adaptive system
Roy adaptation model of nursing (Roy, 2009)
The focus of this model
is stability, although there is also an element of growth and change
Adaptive Model
The __ model incorporates a comprehensive view of
health.
Eudaimonistic Model
Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of
a person’s potential
Eudaimonistic Model
Actualization is the apex of the fully developed
personality, described by
Abraham Maslow
In
this model the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development, which is actualization
Eudaimonistic Model
Illness, in this model, is a
condition that prevents self-actualization
Eudaimonistic Model
who states that health is the expansion of consciousness. The basic
assumptions of this model or theory are:
Health is an evolving unitary pattern of the whole, including
patterns of disease. Consciousness is the informational capacity of the whole and is revealed in the evolving pattern. Pattern
identifies the human–environmental process and is characterized by meaning
Margaret Newman (2008)
Another eudaimonistic model of this type is that of
Margaret Newman (2008)
also called
the ecologic model
Agent–Host–Environment Model
originated in the community health work of
Leavell and Clark (1965) and has been expanded into a general theory of the multiple causes of disease.
Agent–Host–Environment Model
The model is used primarily in
predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness
Agent–Host–Environment Model
Any environmental factor or stressor (biologic, chemical,
mechanical, physical, or psychosocial) that by its presence or absence (e.g., lack of essential nutrients) can lead to illness or disease
Agent.
Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease. Family history, age, and lifestyle habits influence the host’s
reaction
Host
a (grids or graduated scales) can be used to
measure a person’s perceived level of wellness
Health–Illness Continua
All factors external to the host that may or may not
predispose the person to the development of disease. Physical
environment includes climate, living conditions, sound (noise)
levels, and economic level. Social environment includes interactions with others and life events, such as the death of a spouse.
Environment
Health and illness
or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum
Health–Illness Continua
described a health grid in which a health axis and
an environmental axis intersect
DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID
The grid demonstrates the interaction of the environment with the illness–wellness continuum
DUNN’S HIGH-LEVEL WELLNESS GRID
The intersection of the two axes forms four quadrants of health and wellness:
- High-level wellness in a favorable environment
2.Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment
3 Protected poor health in a favorable environment - Poor health in an unfavorable environment
An example is a
person who implements healthy lifestyle behaviors and has the
biopsychosocial, spiritual, and economic resources to support
this lifestyle.
. High-level wellness in a favorable environment.
An example is a woman who has the knowledge to implement
healthy lifestyle practices but does not implement adequate selfcare practices because of family responsibilities, job demands, or
other factors
. Emergent high-level wellness in an unfavorable environment
An example is
an ill person (e.g., one with multiple fractures or severe hypertension) whose needs are met by the health care system and who has
access to appropriate medications, diet, and health care instruction.
Protected poor health in a favorable environment.
An example is a
young child who is starving in a drought-stricken country.
Poor health in an unfavorable environment.
The ____ developed by Anspaugh, Hamrick,
and Rosato (2011) ranges from optimal health to premature death
llness–wellness continuum
The illness–wellness continuum developed by ___
Anspaugh, Hamrick,
and Rosato
The model illustrates arrows pointing in opposite
directions and joined at a neutral point.. Movement to the right of the
neutral point indicates increasing levels of health and wellness for an
individual.
ILLNESS–WELLNESS CONTINUUM
State of health of an individual at a given
time. A report of health status may include anxiety, depression, or acute illness and thus describe the individual’s problem in general. Health status can also describe such specifics
as pulse rate and body temperature.
Health status.
Concepts about health that an individual
believes are true.
Health beliefs
The actions people take to understand
their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent
illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and
mental potential.
Health behaviors
______ variables include biologic, psychological, and cognitive dimensions.
Internal Variables
They are often described as nonmodifiable variables because, for the most part, they cannot be changed.
Internal Variables
internal variables dimension
BIOLOGIC DIMENSION
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
COGNITIVE DIMENSION
Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level all significantly
influence a person’s health.
BIOLOGIC DIMENSION
influences biologic characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and intellectual potential. It has been related
to susceptibility to specific disease, such as diabetes and breast cancer
Genetic makeup
BIOLOGIC DIMENSION
Genetic makeup, sex, age, and developmental level
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
Psychological (emotional) factors influencing health include
mind–
body interactions and self-concept
this factor can affect health status positively or negatively. Emotional responses to stress affect body function
Mind–body interactions
is how a person feels about
self (self-esteem) and perceives the physical self (body image), needs,
roles, and abilities.
Self-concept
COGNITIVE DIMENSION
Cognitive or intellectual factors influencing health include
lifestyle
choices and spiritual and religious beliefs
refers to a person’s general way of living, including living conditions and individual patterns of behavior that are influenced
by sociocultural factors and personal characteristics
Lifestyle
Practices that have potentially negative effects on
health are often referred to as
risk factors.
variables affecting health include the physical environment,
standards of living, family and cultural beliefs, and social support
networks.
External Variables
HEALTH BELIEF MODELS
Health Locus of Control Model
Rosenstock and Becker’s
Health Belief Models
is based on the assumption that health-related action
depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three factors: (1) sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important,
(2) belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem or its
consequences, and (3) belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial
Rosenstock and Becker’s
Health Belief Models
The model includes individual
perceptions, modifying factors, and variables likely to affect initiating action.
Rosenstock and Becker’s
Health Belief Models
Rosenstock and Becker’s health belief model (Rosenstock, Strecher, &
Becker, 1988) is based on the assumption that health-related action
depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three factors:
(1) sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important,
(2) belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem or its
consequences, and (3) belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial.
INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS of Rosenstock and Becker’s
Health Belief Models
Perceived susceptibility.
* Perceived seriousness.
* Perceived threat.
INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS
A family history of a certain disorder,
such as diabetes or heart disease, may make the individual feel at
increased risk. Awareness of personal high-risk lifestyle behaviors
also increases perceived susceptibility.
Perceived susceptibility
INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS
In the perception of the individual, does
the illness cause death or have serious consequences? For example, concern about the spread of acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) reflects the general public’s perception of the
seriousness of this illness.
Perceived seriousness
INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS
Perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness combine to determine the total perceived threat of an illness to a specific individual.
Perceived threat
MODIFYING FACTORS
Factors that modify a person’s perceptions include the following:
- Demographic variables.
- Sociopsychological variables.
- Structural variables.
- Cues to action.
is the extent to which an individual’s behavior (for example, taking medications, following diets, or making lifestyle changes)
coincides with medical or health advice.
Adherence
is a highly personal state in which the person’s physical,
emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished.
Illness
can be described as an alteration in body functions
resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal
life span
Disease
The causation of a disease or condition is called its
etiology.
___
when the symptoms disappear,
remission,
when the symptoms disappear,
____ when the symptoms reappear
exacerbation,
When people become ill, they behave in certain ways that sociologists refer to as
illness behavior.
, a coping mechanism, involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their
symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system.
illness behavior.
who described five stages of illness:
Suchman (1979)
described five stages of illness:
STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCES
STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT
STAGE 4: DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE
STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION
