tuo Flashcards
was defined in terms of the presence or absence
of disease.
y healt
he/she defined health as a state
of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the
fullest extent
Florence Nightingale (1860/1969)
defines health as “a state
of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.”
The World Health Organization
“conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles”
Talcott Parsons (
creator
of the concept “sick role,”
Talcott Parsons (
is a state of well-being
Wellness
they propose seven components of wellness
Anspaugh, Hamrick, and Rosato (2011)
seven components of wellness
Environmental.
Social.
Emotional
Physical
Spiritual.
Intellectual
Occupational
is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well . . .can be described objectively, experienced, and measured . . .
and can be plotted on a continuum”
“Well-being
MODELS OF HEALTH
AND WELLNESS
Clinical Model
Role Performance Model
Adaptive Model
Eudaimonistic Model
Agent–Host–Environment Model
Health–Illness Continua
The narrowest interpretation of health occurs in the
Clinical Model
People are viewed as physiological systems with related functions,
and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of
disease or injury. It is considered the state of not being “sick.” In this
model, the opposite of health is disease or injury.
Clinical Model
Many medical practitioners have used the _____ in their
focus on the relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination
of malfunction and pain. When these signs and symptoms are no
longer present, the medical practitioner considers the individual’s
health restored.
Clinical Model
Health is defined in terms of an individual’s ability to fulfill societal
roles, that is, to perform his or her work. People usually fulfill several roles (e.g., mother, daughter, friend), and certain individuals may
consider nonwork roles the most important ones in their lives.
Role Performance Model
According to this model, people who can fulfill their roles are healthy
even if they have clinical illness.
Role Performance Model
In the ___ model, health is a creative process; disease is a failure
in adaptation, or maladaptation
Adaptive Model
The aim of treatment is to restore
the ability of the person to adapt, that is, to cope. According to this
model, extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the environment
and interaction with the environment to maximum advantage
Adaptive Model
views the person as an adaptive system
Roy adaptation model of nursing (Roy, 2009)
The focus of this model
is stability, although there is also an element of growth and change
Adaptive Model
The __ model incorporates a comprehensive view of
health.
Eudaimonistic Model
Health is seen as a condition of actualization or realization of
a person’s potential
Eudaimonistic Model
Actualization is the apex of the fully developed
personality, described by
Abraham Maslow
In
this model the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development, which is actualization
Eudaimonistic Model
Illness, in this model, is a
condition that prevents self-actualization
Eudaimonistic Model
who states that health is the expansion of consciousness. The basic
assumptions of this model or theory are:
Health is an evolving unitary pattern of the whole, including
patterns of disease. Consciousness is the informational capacity of the whole and is revealed in the evolving pattern. Pattern
identifies the human–environmental process and is characterized by meaning
Margaret Newman (2008)
Another eudaimonistic model of this type is that of
Margaret Newman (2008)
also called
the ecologic model
Agent–Host–Environment Model
originated in the community health work of
Leavell and Clark (1965) and has been expanded into a general theory of the multiple causes of disease.
Agent–Host–Environment Model
The model is used primarily in
predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness
Agent–Host–Environment Model
Any environmental factor or stressor (biologic, chemical,
mechanical, physical, or psychosocial) that by its presence or absence (e.g., lack of essential nutrients) can lead to illness or disease
Agent.
Person(s) who may or may not be at risk of acquiring a disease. Family history, age, and lifestyle habits influence the host’s
reaction
Host
