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biochem > defierncy > Flashcards

defierncy Flashcards

1
Q

Health Effects of Lipids
BENEFITS

A
  • Olive oil- Lowers risk of HD
  • Omega PUF – lowers cholesterol prevents HD
  • EPA sources fish,lower cholesterol &risk of HD
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2
Q

Health Effects of Lipids
DEFICIENCY &
EXCESS
*

A

Cancer
* Obesity
* Heart disease
* High Cholesterol levels

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3
Q

ROTEINS - FACTS
* Composed of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

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4
Q

Protein provides __cal/g of energy

A

4

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5
Q

–results from
insufficiency of protein or energy or both in the diet.

A

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

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6
Q

There are two types of PEM:

A

Marasmus
Kwashiorkor

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7
Q

There are two types of PEM:

– severe deprivation of food over a
long period of time characterized by insufficiency
of protein and energy intake

A

Marasmus

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8
Q

There are two types of PEM:

– This condition reflects an abrupt
and recent deprivation of food which develops
rapidly as a consequence of protein deficiency
or an illness like measle

A

Kwashiorkor

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9
Q

Classification of Protein:
Simple or Complete
Protein

A

Yields only amino acids
upon hydrolysis.eg Albumin

Sources: nuts, eggs, and
dairy products

Deficiency results in
malnutrition

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10
Q

Classification of Protein:

Compound or Incomplete
Proteins
(conjugated protein)

A

a protein complex
combining amino acids with
other substances

Sources: legumes (beans and
peas), nuts, seeds, grains, and
vegetables

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11
Q

Classification of Protein:

Derived Protein

A

are products formed in the
various stages of hydrolysis
of a protein molecule

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12
Q

Health Effects of Protein
BENEFITS

A

to prevent skin breakdown,
prompt wound healing especially in
burns, resolve infections, heal ulcers,
and prevent organ failure

Albumin can also replace low blood protein
in severe burns, injuries

Collagen provides structure found in
tendons, ligaments, fascia

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13
Q

Health Effects of Protein

A

Heart disease – Food rich in animal
protein tend to be rich in saturated
fats

Cancer

Kidney diseases

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14
Q

are essential nutrients that are needed
only in minuscule amounts, these substances are the
“magic wands” that enable the body to produce enzymes,
hormones and other substances essential for proper
growth and development. As tiny as the amounts are,
however, the consequences of their absence are severe.
(WHO nutrition

A

Micronutrients

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15
Q

Properties Of Micronutrients

refers to the amount of nutrient the body can use
that is of good quality (increased or decreased depending on
factors

A

Bioavailability

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16
Q

Properties Of Micronutrients

– refers to the degree to which a substance can dissolve
in water or fat medium

A

Solubility

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17
Q

Properties Of Micronutrients

refers to an excess of a substance that can cause harm or
damage due to accumulation in the body (serum levels, and DRI –
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels)

A

Toxicity

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18
Q

Properties Of Micronutrients

– descriptions whether micronutrients can be
altered or destroyed during handling or preparation

A

Organic or inorganic

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19
Q

Properties Of Micronutrients

refers to inactive forms or starting points from which
other substances develop

A

Precursors

20
Q

Stored in the body, deficiencies are
slow to develop but possibility for
toxicity due to their ability to be stored
in the body for long periods of time

A

at-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K

21
Q

Essential for energy metabolism.
* must be supplied every day in the diet.
* are not stored significantly in the body
and any excess is excreted in the urine.
* Deficiency symptoms develop fast.

A

Water-soluble vitamins are B complex and
Vitamin C

22
Q

VITAMIN A - RETINOL

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Normal Vision cycle, Tissue
Strength, Growth and Bone Development,
Normal Reproduction and lactation

DEFICIENCY - Night blindness, Xeropthalmia
Retarded growth, Lower resistance to
infection, Skin Lesion Keratinization

EXCESS - Potential birth defects,
Hypercarotenemia, In young girls, there is
cessation of menstruation, toxicity can result

SOURCES- Orange/yellow colored foods, liver,
fortified milk, fish, shellfish, eggyolk
Beta-carotene as supplement
Retin-A or Accutane for skin and acne

23
Q

VITAMIN D - CALCIFEROL

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Maintain serum calcium and
phosphorus and magnesium, Aid in bone and
teeth development

DEFICIENCY - Low serum calcium, Fragile
bones, Rickets (bowedlegs, pigeon breast), In
infants: dentition and delayed closing of the
fontanel; Osteomalacia (bone weakness)

EXCESS - Severe high blood calcium, Brain
Damage, Heart Damage, Potential birth defects
(Be aware of drug interactions)

SOURCES - liver and other glandular organs;
eggyolk, fortified milk, sardines and salmon
Supplement-D3- cholecalciferol

24
Q

VITAMIN E - TOCOPHEROL

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION – Antioxidant, help sustain tissue
integrity, synergistic effect with selenium to prevent
heart disease

DEFICIENCY – Hemolytic anemia,
immunosuppression, neurological symptoms loss of
coordination/reflexes

EXCESS – Hypervitaminoses E-cramps, diarrhea,
dizziness, blurred vision, high dose may potentiate
action of Coumadin (an anticoagulant)

SOURCES - egg yolk, (liver), butter, milk, vegetable
oils, germ oils of wheat, corn, cottonseed or
soybean; grains, nuts and some legumes; dark green
vegetables

25
Q

VITAMIN K – MENAQUINONE (From animal source)
& PHYLOQUINONE (from plant source)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Normal blood clotting, bone
metabolism, newborn injection at birth to
prevent hemorrhagic disease (due to sterile
gut); Antagonist to coumadin

DEFICIENCY - Increased bleeding times,
delayed blood clotting in adults, long term use
of antibiotics destroy intestinal flora decreased
bacterial synthesis of Vit K

EXCESS – Jaundice in infants, formation of
blood clots, kernicterus- lack of energy &
muscle spasms,

SOURCES - Liver, dark green leaves, cabbage,
wheat bran, vegetable oils, especially soybean

26
Q

VITAMIN B2 RIBOFLAVIN

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

fUNCTION - required for proper growth
development and tissue healing, helps
maintain healthy skin, tongue, mouth, and
normal vision, coenzyme in protein, fat, and
carbohydrate metabolism

DEFICIENCY- Ariboflavinosis or mouthsores,
Cheilosis -scales and cracks on lips and mouth,
glossitis

SOURCES - cheese, milk, eggs, liver, organs,
whole grains, legumes, leafy green vegetables,
and seaweeds

27
Q

VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION – Coenzyme in CHO metabolism,
Muscle energy, Gastrointestinal support,
Cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY – Beriberi, CNS and CV problems,
Numbness of extremities

EXCESS - None

SOURCES - liver and organ of meats of animals,
egg yolk, unpolished rice, whole grains,
legumes (black eyed peas) and nuts, some
shellfish

28
Q

VITAMIN B3 NIACIN, NICOTINIC ACID

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION – respiratory enzyme energy
metabolism, fatty acid synthesis /oxidation,
and protein synthesis (amino acid tryptophan)

DEFICIENCY - Pellagra – classic deficiency
disease characterized by 4Ds, dermatitis,
dementia, diarrhea, and death

EXCESS - Acidity of the Stomach. Hi uric acid
SOURCES - liver, organs, lean meats, fish,
poultry, milk, cheese and eggs, legumes, nuts,
whole grains, enriched cereals, and green
vegetables, coffee

29
Q

VITAMIN B5
PANTHOTENIC ACID

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - fatty acid metabolism, cell
synthesis, heme production, helps maintain
normal growth, healthy skin, and integrity of
the central nervous system, Essential for
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

DEFICIENCY – Insomnia, Muscle cramps,
tingling sensation (burning feet syndrome)

SOURCES - Liver, other glandular organs,
meats, eggs, milk, cheese, avocados, cashew
nuts and peanuts, brown rice, soy, legumes
and broccoli

30
Q

VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - essential in many biochemical
processes by which foods are metabolized by
the body, made by intestinal bacteria in the
body

DEFICIENCY - Anemia, CNS hyper-irritability,
Dermatitis
EXCESS – Found only in rats

SOURCES - Vegetable oils of corn, cottonseed,
linseed, olive, peanut, wheat germ, wheat and
rice germ, lard and legumes

31
Q

VITAMIN B7 BIOTIN

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - helps in the synthesis of fatty
acids, and carbohydrates
DEFICIENCY - True biotin deficiency does not
occur, even in poor diet

EXCESS - No toxic effects of excessive biotin
have been observed in humans

SOURCES - Liver or other glandular organs,
meats, egg yolk, milk, molasses, whole grains,
legumes, and nuts

32
Q

VIAMIN B9 FOLIC ACID

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - synthesis of amino acids and
hemoglobin, lower neural tube defect in fetus;
essential for the formation of both RBC and
WBC in the bone marrow and for their
maturation

DEFICIENCY - Megaloblastic anemia and other
blood disorder, Glossitis –inflammation of the
tongue, Poor growth, neural tube defect in
newborn

SOURCES - Liver, kidney, beans, lima beans, and
fresh dark green leafy vegetables especially
spinach, asparagus, and broccoli, lean beef,
potatoes, whole-wheat bread, dried bean

33
Q

VITAMIN B12 COBALAMIN

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Hemoglobin synthesis, fatty acid
metabolism

DEFICIENCY - Pernicious anemia, GI findings,
Poor muscle condition

EXCESS- overdose: Allergic shock, especially
when vitamin is injected
SOURCES - Organ meats, clams, oysters, grains

34
Q

VITAMIN C - ASCORBIC ACID

FUNCTION

A

Aids in tissue building and
metabolic reactions

Collagen formation

  • Iron absorption
  • Helps build body resistance
    against infections.
  • has an antioxidant action
  • Lowered resistance to infections
  • Scurvy
35
Q

Used at every cellular level for metabolic exchanges & maintain
homeostasis

A

MINERALS

36
Q

CALCIUM (Ca)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Hard materials of bone and teeth;
muscular contraction and relaxation; nerve
transmission, cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY - Osteoporosis, Tetany- muscle
spasm, ECG changes, retarded growth, rickets
EXCESS - Kidney stones, hypercalcemia.
constipation
SOURCES – green leafy vegetables, fish, milk,
some shellfish, cheese
Give with Vit D

37
Q

MAGNESIUM (Mg)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Bone nourishment, catalyst for
many enzyme reactions, nerve or muscle
functions, Cardio Vascular support
DEFICIENCY - Hypomagnesemic tetany on
infants and children, weakness, dysrhythmias,
seizure, eclampsia
EXCESS - Kidney stones, decreased muscle
control, CV changes
SOURCES - Nuts, soybeans, meat, milk, cocoa,
seafoods, whole grains, dried beans, peas,
green leafy vegetables
Incompatible with some antibiotics. Give PO, 2
hrs. apart

38
Q

SODIUM (Na)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Maintains fluid volume balance
(ADH), acid-base balance, allows muscle
contractions, cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY - Muscle cramping, CV changes
EXCESS - Fluid retention, hypertension, CVA
SOURCES - Table salt, added salts, processed
foods, canned goods, butter, carrots, celery,
beets, soy souce(toyo), catsup, spinach, peas,
vetsin, fish sauce (patis), preservatives and
additives
Monitor BP, edema

39
Q

CHLORIDE (Cl)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Fluid and electrolyte balance and
acid-base balance; contributes to the acidity
necessary for the stomach (HCI); bonds to
other minerals (especially sodium) to facilitate
cellular actions and reactions
DEFICIENCY – Failure to thrive, Rare: alkalosis
EXCESS - In concert with sodium, results in high
blood pressure
SOURCES - Table salt (NaCI)
Monitor sodium leve

40
Q

PHOSPORUS (P)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Bone and teeth formation, acid-
base balance, component of every cell, energy
transfer of RNA/DNA
DEFICIENCY - Calcium level changes, muscle
weakness
EXCESS - Skeletal porosity, decreased calcium
levels, must stay in balance with calcium
SOURCES - Cheese, milk, dairy products,
meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans
Note: Evaluate the use of antacids (note type)
and the use of alcohol

41
Q

POTASSIUM (K)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Maintain fluid volume
inside/outside cells, muscle action/relaxant,
blood pressure, cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY - Dysrhythmias, muscle cramps,
mental confusion, abdominal distension,
apathy
EXCESS - Hyperkalemia, Dysrhythmias (caused
by supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics
ACE inhibitors, inadequate kidney function,
diabetes)
SOURCES - Dried fruits, oranges, avocados,
meats, broccoli, bananas
PO tabs irritate GI system, give with meals

42
Q

IRON (Fe)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

fUNCTION - Carrier of oxygen needed for
cellular respiration, hemoglobin formation,
involved in the conversion of betacarotene into
vitamin A, antibody production, collagen
synthesis
DEFICIENCY - Anemia
EXCESS – Hemosiderosis excessive
accumulation of iron deposits,
Hemochromatosis iron overload
SOURCES -Organ meats, egg yolks, whole
grains, and green leafy vegetables
Vit C increases absorptio

43
Q

IODINE (I)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION - Use for synthesis of thyroxine
regulates metabolism
DEFICIENCY – Goiter -enlargement of thyroid
gland , cretinism, myxedema
SOURCES - Seafoods, seaweeds, iodized salt

44
Q

ZINC (Zn)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A
45
Q

FLOURIDE (Fl)

FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES

A

FUNCTION – Strengthening of bones and teeth
DEFICIENCY – Tooth decay
EXCESS - dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis
(hypomineralization), which can damage bones
and joints.
SOURCES - water, tea, coffee, shellfish,
potatoes, and grapes

biochem (51 decks)

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