defierncy Flashcards
Health Effects of Lipids
BENEFITS
- Olive oil- Lowers risk of HD
- Omega PUF – lowers cholesterol prevents HD
- EPA sources fish,lower cholesterol &risk of HD
Health Effects of Lipids
DEFICIENCY &
EXCESS
*
Cancer
* Obesity
* Heart disease
* High Cholesterol levels
ROTEINS - FACTS
* Composed of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Protein provides __cal/g of energy
4
–results from
insufficiency of protein or energy or both in the diet.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
There are two types of PEM:
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
There are two types of PEM:
– severe deprivation of food over a
long period of time characterized by insufficiency
of protein and energy intake
Marasmus
There are two types of PEM:
– This condition reflects an abrupt
and recent deprivation of food which develops
rapidly as a consequence of protein deficiency
or an illness like measle
Kwashiorkor
Classification of Protein:
Simple or Complete
Protein
Yields only amino acids
upon hydrolysis.eg Albumin
Sources: nuts, eggs, and
dairy products
Deficiency results in
malnutrition
Classification of Protein:
Compound or Incomplete
Proteins
(conjugated protein)
a protein complex
combining amino acids with
other substances
Sources: legumes (beans and
peas), nuts, seeds, grains, and
vegetables
Classification of Protein:
Derived Protein
are products formed in the
various stages of hydrolysis
of a protein molecule
Health Effects of Protein
BENEFITS
to prevent skin breakdown,
prompt wound healing especially in
burns, resolve infections, heal ulcers,
and prevent organ failure
Albumin can also replace low blood protein
in severe burns, injuries
Collagen provides structure found in
tendons, ligaments, fascia
Health Effects of Protein
Heart disease – Food rich in animal
protein tend to be rich in saturated
fats
Cancer
Kidney diseases
are essential nutrients that are needed
only in minuscule amounts, these substances are the
“magic wands” that enable the body to produce enzymes,
hormones and other substances essential for proper
growth and development. As tiny as the amounts are,
however, the consequences of their absence are severe.
(WHO nutrition
Micronutrients
Properties Of Micronutrients
refers to the amount of nutrient the body can use
that is of good quality (increased or decreased depending on
factors
Bioavailability
Properties Of Micronutrients
– refers to the degree to which a substance can dissolve
in water or fat medium
Solubility
Properties Of Micronutrients
refers to an excess of a substance that can cause harm or
damage due to accumulation in the body (serum levels, and DRI –
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels)
Toxicity
Properties Of Micronutrients
– descriptions whether micronutrients can be
altered or destroyed during handling or preparation
Organic or inorganic
Properties Of Micronutrients
refers to inactive forms or starting points from which
other substances develop
Precursors
Stored in the body, deficiencies are
slow to develop but possibility for
toxicity due to their ability to be stored
in the body for long periods of time
at-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
Essential for energy metabolism.
* must be supplied every day in the diet.
* are not stored significantly in the body
and any excess is excreted in the urine.
* Deficiency symptoms develop fast.
Water-soluble vitamins are B complex and
Vitamin C
VITAMIN A - RETINOL
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Normal Vision cycle, Tissue
Strength, Growth and Bone Development,
Normal Reproduction and lactation
DEFICIENCY - Night blindness, Xeropthalmia
Retarded growth, Lower resistance to
infection, Skin Lesion Keratinization
EXCESS - Potential birth defects,
Hypercarotenemia, In young girls, there is
cessation of menstruation, toxicity can result
SOURCES- Orange/yellow colored foods, liver,
fortified milk, fish, shellfish, eggyolk
Beta-carotene as supplement
Retin-A or Accutane for skin and acne
VITAMIN D - CALCIFEROL
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Maintain serum calcium and
phosphorus and magnesium, Aid in bone and
teeth development
DEFICIENCY - Low serum calcium, Fragile
bones, Rickets (bowedlegs, pigeon breast), In
infants: dentition and delayed closing of the
fontanel; Osteomalacia (bone weakness)
EXCESS - Severe high blood calcium, Brain
Damage, Heart Damage, Potential birth defects
(Be aware of drug interactions)
SOURCES - liver and other glandular organs;
eggyolk, fortified milk, sardines and salmon
Supplement-D3- cholecalciferol
VITAMIN E - TOCOPHEROL
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION – Antioxidant, help sustain tissue
integrity, synergistic effect with selenium to prevent
heart disease
DEFICIENCY – Hemolytic anemia,
immunosuppression, neurological symptoms loss of
coordination/reflexes
EXCESS – Hypervitaminoses E-cramps, diarrhea,
dizziness, blurred vision, high dose may potentiate
action of Coumadin (an anticoagulant)
SOURCES - egg yolk, (liver), butter, milk, vegetable
oils, germ oils of wheat, corn, cottonseed or
soybean; grains, nuts and some legumes; dark green
vegetables
VITAMIN K – MENAQUINONE (From animal source)
& PHYLOQUINONE (from plant source)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Normal blood clotting, bone
metabolism, newborn injection at birth to
prevent hemorrhagic disease (due to sterile
gut); Antagonist to coumadin
DEFICIENCY - Increased bleeding times,
delayed blood clotting in adults, long term use
of antibiotics destroy intestinal flora decreased
bacterial synthesis of Vit K
EXCESS – Jaundice in infants, formation of
blood clots, kernicterus- lack of energy &
muscle spasms,
SOURCES - Liver, dark green leaves, cabbage,
wheat bran, vegetable oils, especially soybean
VITAMIN B2 RIBOFLAVIN
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
fUNCTION - required for proper growth
development and tissue healing, helps
maintain healthy skin, tongue, mouth, and
normal vision, coenzyme in protein, fat, and
carbohydrate metabolism
DEFICIENCY- Ariboflavinosis or mouthsores,
Cheilosis -scales and cracks on lips and mouth,
glossitis
SOURCES - cheese, milk, eggs, liver, organs,
whole grains, legumes, leafy green vegetables,
and seaweeds
VITAMIN B1 - THIAMINE
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION – Coenzyme in CHO metabolism,
Muscle energy, Gastrointestinal support,
Cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY – Beriberi, CNS and CV problems,
Numbness of extremities
EXCESS - None
SOURCES - liver and organ of meats of animals,
egg yolk, unpolished rice, whole grains,
legumes (black eyed peas) and nuts, some
shellfish
VITAMIN B3 NIACIN, NICOTINIC ACID
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION – respiratory enzyme energy
metabolism, fatty acid synthesis /oxidation,
and protein synthesis (amino acid tryptophan)
DEFICIENCY - Pellagra – classic deficiency
disease characterized by 4Ds, dermatitis,
dementia, diarrhea, and death
EXCESS - Acidity of the Stomach. Hi uric acid
SOURCES - liver, organs, lean meats, fish,
poultry, milk, cheese and eggs, legumes, nuts,
whole grains, enriched cereals, and green
vegetables, coffee
VITAMIN B5
PANTHOTENIC ACID
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - fatty acid metabolism, cell
synthesis, heme production, helps maintain
normal growth, healthy skin, and integrity of
the central nervous system, Essential for
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
DEFICIENCY – Insomnia, Muscle cramps,
tingling sensation (burning feet syndrome)
SOURCES - Liver, other glandular organs,
meats, eggs, milk, cheese, avocados, cashew
nuts and peanuts, brown rice, soy, legumes
and broccoli
VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - essential in many biochemical
processes by which foods are metabolized by
the body, made by intestinal bacteria in the
body
DEFICIENCY - Anemia, CNS hyper-irritability,
Dermatitis
EXCESS – Found only in rats
SOURCES - Vegetable oils of corn, cottonseed,
linseed, olive, peanut, wheat germ, wheat and
rice germ, lard and legumes
VITAMIN B7 BIOTIN
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - helps in the synthesis of fatty
acids, and carbohydrates
DEFICIENCY - True biotin deficiency does not
occur, even in poor diet
EXCESS - No toxic effects of excessive biotin
have been observed in humans
SOURCES - Liver or other glandular organs,
meats, egg yolk, milk, molasses, whole grains,
legumes, and nuts
VIAMIN B9 FOLIC ACID
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - synthesis of amino acids and
hemoglobin, lower neural tube defect in fetus;
essential for the formation of both RBC and
WBC in the bone marrow and for their
maturation
DEFICIENCY - Megaloblastic anemia and other
blood disorder, Glossitis –inflammation of the
tongue, Poor growth, neural tube defect in
newborn
SOURCES - Liver, kidney, beans, lima beans, and
fresh dark green leafy vegetables especially
spinach, asparagus, and broccoli, lean beef,
potatoes, whole-wheat bread, dried bean
VITAMIN B12 COBALAMIN
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Hemoglobin synthesis, fatty acid
metabolism
DEFICIENCY - Pernicious anemia, GI findings,
Poor muscle condition
EXCESS- overdose: Allergic shock, especially
when vitamin is injected
SOURCES - Organ meats, clams, oysters, grains
VITAMIN C - ASCORBIC ACID
FUNCTION
Aids in tissue building and
metabolic reactions
Collagen formation
- Iron absorption
- Helps build body resistance
against infections. - has an antioxidant action
- Lowered resistance to infections
- Scurvy
Used at every cellular level for metabolic exchanges & maintain
homeostasis
MINERALS
CALCIUM (Ca)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Hard materials of bone and teeth;
muscular contraction and relaxation; nerve
transmission, cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY - Osteoporosis, Tetany- muscle
spasm, ECG changes, retarded growth, rickets
EXCESS - Kidney stones, hypercalcemia.
constipation
SOURCES – green leafy vegetables, fish, milk,
some shellfish, cheese
Give with Vit D
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Bone nourishment, catalyst for
many enzyme reactions, nerve or muscle
functions, Cardio Vascular support
DEFICIENCY - Hypomagnesemic tetany on
infants and children, weakness, dysrhythmias,
seizure, eclampsia
EXCESS - Kidney stones, decreased muscle
control, CV changes
SOURCES - Nuts, soybeans, meat, milk, cocoa,
seafoods, whole grains, dried beans, peas,
green leafy vegetables
Incompatible with some antibiotics. Give PO, 2
hrs. apart
SODIUM (Na)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Maintains fluid volume balance
(ADH), acid-base balance, allows muscle
contractions, cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY - Muscle cramping, CV changes
EXCESS - Fluid retention, hypertension, CVA
SOURCES - Table salt, added salts, processed
foods, canned goods, butter, carrots, celery,
beets, soy souce(toyo), catsup, spinach, peas,
vetsin, fish sauce (patis), preservatives and
additives
Monitor BP, edema
CHLORIDE (Cl)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Fluid and electrolyte balance and
acid-base balance; contributes to the acidity
necessary for the stomach (HCI); bonds to
other minerals (especially sodium) to facilitate
cellular actions and reactions
DEFICIENCY – Failure to thrive, Rare: alkalosis
EXCESS - In concert with sodium, results in high
blood pressure
SOURCES - Table salt (NaCI)
Monitor sodium leve
PHOSPORUS (P)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Bone and teeth formation, acid-
base balance, component of every cell, energy
transfer of RNA/DNA
DEFICIENCY - Calcium level changes, muscle
weakness
EXCESS - Skeletal porosity, decreased calcium
levels, must stay in balance with calcium
SOURCES - Cheese, milk, dairy products,
meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans
Note: Evaluate the use of antacids (note type)
and the use of alcohol
POTASSIUM (K)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Maintain fluid volume
inside/outside cells, muscle action/relaxant,
blood pressure, cardiovascular support
DEFICIENCY - Dysrhythmias, muscle cramps,
mental confusion, abdominal distension,
apathy
EXCESS - Hyperkalemia, Dysrhythmias (caused
by supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics
ACE inhibitors, inadequate kidney function,
diabetes)
SOURCES - Dried fruits, oranges, avocados,
meats, broccoli, bananas
PO tabs irritate GI system, give with meals
IRON (Fe)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
fUNCTION - Carrier of oxygen needed for
cellular respiration, hemoglobin formation,
involved in the conversion of betacarotene into
vitamin A, antibody production, collagen
synthesis
DEFICIENCY - Anemia
EXCESS – Hemosiderosis excessive
accumulation of iron deposits,
Hemochromatosis iron overload
SOURCES -Organ meats, egg yolks, whole
grains, and green leafy vegetables
Vit C increases absorptio
IODINE (I)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION - Use for synthesis of thyroxine
regulates metabolism
DEFICIENCY – Goiter -enlargement of thyroid
gland , cretinism, myxedema
SOURCES - Seafoods, seaweeds, iodized salt
ZINC (Zn)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FLOURIDE (Fl)
FUNCTION
DEFICIENCY
EXCESS
SOURCES
FUNCTION – Strengthening of bones and teeth
DEFICIENCY – Tooth decay
EXCESS - dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis
(hypomineralization), which can damage bones
and joints.
SOURCES - water, tea, coffee, shellfish,
potatoes, and grapes
