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Question 1

Environmental focus; Emphasized hygiene and sanitation; Pioneered modern nursing education and practice.

Answer 1

Nightingale

Question 2

Humanistic approach; Emphasized the importance of caring and interpersonal relationships in nursing.

Answer 2

Watson

Question 3

Stages of clinical competence; Believed in the development of nursing expertise through experience.

Answer 3

Benner

Question 4

Modeling and role modeling; Emphasized understanding the patient’s worldview.

Answer 4

Erickson

Question 5

Introduced the concept of “Spiritual Care.”

Answer 5

Gottlieb

Question 6

Unitary Human Beings Theory; Focuses on the interconnectedness of humans with their environment.

Answer 6

Rogers

Question 7

Self-care theory; Emphasized the patient’s ability to perform self-care.

Answer 7

Orem

Question 8

Goal Attainment Theory; Emphasized goal setting and achieving patient outcomes.

Answer 8

King

Question 9

Systems model; Views patients as dynamic systems within their environment.

Answer 9

Neuman

Question 10

Adaptation model; Emphasized the patient’s ability to adapt to changes in health.

Answer 10

Roy

Question 11

Behavioral System Model; Emphasized nursing care based on behavioral science.

Answer 11

Johnson

Question 12

Interpersonal relations model; Focused on therapeutic relationships in nursing.

Answer 12

Peplau

Question 13

Nursing process theory; Emphasized the importance of understanding and meeting the patient’s immediate needs.

Answer 13

Orlando

Question 14

Emphasized the importance of meeting patients’ needs through core, cure, and care aspects.

Answer 14

Hall’s

Question 15

Focused on 21 nursing problems to be solved for effective patient care.

Answer 15

Abdellah

Question 16

Emphasized the importance of the nurse helping the patient perform activities that contribute to health.

Answer 16

Henderson

Question 17

Health Promotion Model; Emphasized the role of nurses in promoting and encouraging healthy behaviors.

Answer 17

Pender