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biochem > MICROPARA 7 > Flashcards

MICROPARA 7 Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of the vital life processes of
organisms.

A

Physiology

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2
Q

concerns the vital life
processes of microorganisms.

A

Microbial physiology

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3
Q

Terms relating to an organism’s energy source.

A

Phototrophs
o Chemotrophs

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3
Q

use light as an energy source.

A

Phototrophs

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3
Q

use inorganic chemicals as
an energy source.

A

Chemolithotrophs

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3
Q

Materials that organisms are unable to synthesize, but are
required for building macromolecules and sustaining life,
are termed

A

essential nutrients(e.g., certain essential amino
acids and essential fatty acids).

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3
Q

use either inorganic or organic
chemicals as an energy source.

A

Chemotrophs

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3
Q

use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their sole
source of carbon.

A

Autotrophs

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3
Q

When ATP is used as an energy source, it is hydrolyzed to
a

A

denosine diphosphate (ADP).

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3
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

Chemoorganotrophs

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3
Q

All living protoplasm contains 6 major chemical elements:

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur.

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3
Q

Terms that combine both energy and carbon source:

A

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

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3
Q

reactions involve the breaking down of larger
molecules into smaller ones.

A

Catabolic

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3
Q

reactions involve the assembly of smaller
molecules into larger molecules, requiring the formation of
bonds.

A

Anabolic

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3
Q

molecules are found in all cells because they are used
to transfer energy from energy-yielding molecules like
glucose, to energy-requiring reactions.

A

ATP

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3
Q

refers to the interactions between living
organisms and their nonliving environment.

A

Ecosystem

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3
Q

are enzymes produced within a cell that
remain within the cell to catalyze reactions.

A

Endoenzymes

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3
Q

Terms relating to an organism’s carbon source:

A

o Autotrophs
o Heterotrophs

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3
Q

use organic compounds other than
CO2 as carbon sources.

A

Heterotrophs

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3
Q

refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in
a cell.

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

is the study of the interactions between living
organisms and the world around them

A

Ecology

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3
Q

Metabolic reactions are enhanced and regulated by
enzymes known as

A

metabolic enzymes.

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3
Q

are examples of metabolic
enzymes.

A

Hydrolases and polymerases

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3
Q

are a series of linked biochemical
reactions occurring in a stepwise manner, from a starting
material to an end product.

A

Biochemical pathways

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3
Q

are biologic catalysts; they are proteins
that either cause a particular chemical reaction to
occur or accelerate it.

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

are produced within a cell and then released
outside of the cell to catalyze extracellular reactions

A

Exoenzymes

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4
Q

A particular enzyme can only exert its effect on one
particular substance, known as the ___ for that
enzyme

A

substrate

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4
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY OF
ENZYMES

A

pH - extreme acidity for example
o Temperature - heat can denature enzymes by
breaking bonds
o Concentration of enzyme and/or substrate – may be
too high or too low
o Inhibitors, for example heavy metals like lead, zinc,
mercury and arsenic

4
Q

A ____ is any molecule that is a nutrient, an
intermediary product, or an end product in a
metabolic reaction.

A

metabolite

4
Q

Metabolic reactions fall into 2 categories:

A

catabolism and
anabolism.

4
Q

ADP can be used as an energy source by hydrolysis to

A

adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

4
Q

Glucose, for example, can be catabolized by one of 2
common biochemical pathways:

A

aerobic respiration and
fermentation.

5
Q

Catabolism of glucose by aerobic respiration occurs in 3
phases (each is a biochemical pathway):

A

o Glycolysis
o The Krebs cycle
o The electron transport chain

6
Q

IN Catabolism of glucose, The 1st phase (glycolysis) is actually ____, but the
other 2 phases are

A

anaerobic, aerobic.

7
Q

The Krebs Cycle (also known as the

A

he citric acid cycle, the
tricarboxylic acid cycle and the TCA cycle):

8
Q

A biochemical pathway consisting of 8 separate
reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme.

A

The Krebs Cycle

9
Q

in krebs cycle,Only ____ ATP molecules are produced, but a number
of products (e.g., NADH, H+
, FADH2) are formed,
which enter the electron transport chain.

A

2

10
Q

In eucaryotes, the TCA cycle and the electron transport
chain occur in

A

mitochondria.

11
Q

In procaryotes, where does TCA occur

A

both occur at the inner surface of the cell
membrane.

12
Q

A series of oxidation-reduction reactions, whereby
energy is released as electrons which are
transferred from one compound to another.

A

The electron transport chain

12
Q

A large number of ATP molecules are produced by

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

12
Q

Fermentation reactions do not involve

A

oxygen

12
Q

Fermentation of Glucose steps

A

First step is glycolysis (anaerobic).
o The next step is conversion of pyruvic acid into an
end product. The end product varies from one
organism to another.

13
Q

Many enzymes are involved in the electron transport
chain, including ____, which transfers
electrons to oxygen (the final acceptor).

A

cytochrome oxidase

13
Q

Fermentation reactions produce very little energy

A

(2 ATP molecules).

14
Q

The gain of one or more electrons by a molecule is called
_____ and the molecule is said to be ______

A

reduction, reduced.

14
Q

occurs whenever an atom, ion, or molecule loses
one or more electrons in a reaction; in which case, the
molecule is said to be

A

Oxidation, oxidized.

15
Q

are paired reactions in which
electrons are transferred from one compound to another.

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

16
Q

In a redox reaction, the electron
donor (compound A) is the
_____ agent, and the electron
acceptor (compound B) is the
_____ agent.

A

reducing, oxidizing

17
Q

anabolic reactions are also called

A

biosynthetic reactions.

18
Q

the study of heredity.

A

Genetics

18
Q

An organism’s _ is its complete collection of genes.

A

genotype

19
Q

An organism’s ___ refers to its physical traits

A

phenotype

20
Q

direct all functions of the cell.

A

genes

21
Q

A change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is
transmissible to offspring is called a

A

mutation.

22
Q

3 categories of mutations:

A
  • Beneficial mutations
  • Harmful mutations (some are lethal mutations)
  • Silent mutations
23
Q

Mutation rate (the rate at which mutations occur) can be
increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents
called

A

mutagens.

24
Q

The organism containing the mutation is called a

A

mutant.

25
Q

Ways in which bacteria acquire new genetic information

A

o Lysogenic Conversion
o Transduction
o Transformation
o Conjugation

26
Q

An extrachromosomal DNA molecule is called a

A

plasmid.

27
Q

A plasmid that can either exist by itself or can integrate into
the chromosome is called an

A

episome.

28
Q

A phage is called a ___ when all that remains of it is
its DNA

A

prophage

29
Q

The bacterial cell containing the prophage is referred to as
a

A

lysogenic cell.

30
Q

The bacterial cell exhibits new properties, directed by the
viral genes – this is referred to as

A

lysogenic conversion.

31
Q

Transduction

A

(“to carry across”)

32
Q

The ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell is called

A

competence

33
Q

bacteria capable of absorbing naked DNA
are said to be

A

competent bacteria.

34
Q

involves the insertion of a
normal gene into cells to correct a specific genetic disorder
caused by a defective gene.

A

GENE THERAPY

biochem (51 decks)

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