MICROPARA 7 Flashcards by Hanz Myko C. DIDULO

is the study of the vital life processes of
organisms.

Physiology

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concerns the vital life
processes of microorganisms.

Microbial physiology

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Terms relating to an organism’s energy source.

Phototrophs
o Chemotrophs

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use light as an energy source.

Phototrophs

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use inorganic chemicals as
an energy source.

Chemolithotrophs

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Materials that organisms are unable to synthesize, but are
required for building macromolecules and sustaining life,
are termed

essential nutrients(e.g., certain essential amino
acids and essential fatty acids).

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use either inorganic or organic
chemicals as an energy source.

Chemotrophs

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use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their sole
source of carbon.

Autotrophs

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When ATP is used as an energy source, it is hydrolyzed to
a

denosine diphosphate (ADP).

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Chemoorganotrophs

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All living protoplasm contains 6 major chemical elements:

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur.

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Terms that combine both energy and carbon source:

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

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reactions involve the breaking down of larger
molecules into smaller ones.

Catabolic

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reactions involve the assembly of smaller
molecules into larger molecules, requiring the formation of
bonds.

Anabolic

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molecules are found in all cells because they are used
to transfer energy from energy-yielding molecules like
glucose, to energy-requiring reactions.

ATP

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refers to the interactions between living
organisms and their nonliving environment.

Ecosystem

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are enzymes produced within a cell that
remain within the cell to catalyze reactions.

Endoenzymes

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Terms relating to an organism’s carbon source:

o Autotrophs
o Heterotrophs

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use organic compounds other than
CO2 as carbon sources.

Heterotrophs

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refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in
a cell.

Metabolism

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is the study of the interactions between living
organisms and the world around them

Ecology

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Metabolic reactions are enhanced and regulated by
enzymes known as

metabolic enzymes.

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are examples of metabolic
enzymes.

Hydrolases and polymerases

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are a series of linked biochemical
reactions occurring in a stepwise manner, from a starting
material to an end product.

Biochemical pathways

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are biologic catalysts; they are proteins that either cause a particular chemical reaction to occur or accelerate it.

Enzymes

are produced within a cell and then released outside of the cell to catalyze extracellular reactions

Exoenzymes

A particular enzyme can only exert its effect on one particular substance, known as the ___ for that enzyme

substrate

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY OF ENZYMES

pH - extreme acidity for example o Temperature - heat can denature enzymes by breaking bonds o Concentration of enzyme and/or substrate – may be too high or too low o Inhibitors, for example heavy metals like lead, zinc, mercury and arsenic

A ____ is any molecule that is a nutrient, an intermediary product, or an end product in a metabolic reaction.

metabolite

Metabolic reactions fall into 2 categories:

catabolism and anabolism.

ADP can be used as an energy source by hydrolysis to

adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

Glucose, for example, can be catabolized by one of 2 common biochemical pathways:

aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Catabolism of glucose by aerobic respiration occurs in 3 phases (each is a biochemical pathway):

o Glycolysis o The Krebs cycle o The electron transport chain

IN Catabolism of glucose, The 1st phase (glycolysis) is actually ____, but the other 2 phases are

anaerobic, aerobic.

The Krebs Cycle (also known as the

he citric acid cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the TCA cycle):

A biochemical pathway consisting of 8 separate reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme.

The Krebs Cycle

in krebs cycle,Only ____ ATP molecules are produced, but a number of products (e.g., NADH, H+ , FADH2) are formed, which enter the electron transport chain.

In eucaryotes, the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain occur in

mitochondria.

In procaryotes, where does TCA occur

both occur at the inner surface of the cell membrane.

A series of oxidation-reduction reactions, whereby energy is released as electrons which are transferred from one compound to another.

The electron transport chain

A large number of ATP molecules are produced by

oxidative phosphorylation.

Fermentation reactions do not involve

oxygen

Fermentation of Glucose steps

First step is glycolysis (anaerobic). o The next step is conversion of pyruvic acid into an end product. The end product varies from one organism to another.

Many enzymes are involved in the electron transport chain, including ____, which transfers electrons to oxygen (the final acceptor).

cytochrome oxidase

Fermentation reactions produce very little energy

(2 ATP molecules).

The gain of one or more electrons by a molecule is called _____ and the molecule is said to be ______

reduction, reduced.

occurs whenever an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or more electrons in a reaction; in which case, the molecule is said to be

Oxidation, oxidized.

are paired reactions in which electrons are transferred from one compound to another.

Oxidation-reduction reactions

In a redox reaction, the electron donor (compound A) is the _____ agent, and the electron acceptor (compound B) is the _____ agent.

reducing, oxidizing

anabolic reactions are also called

biosynthetic reactions.

the study of heredity.

Genetics

An organism’s _ is its complete collection of genes.

genotype

An organism’s ___ refers to its physical traits

phenotype

direct all functions of the cell.

genes

A change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is transmissible to offspring is called a

mutation.

3 categories of mutations:

* Beneficial mutations * Harmful mutations (some are lethal mutations) * Silent mutations

Mutation rate (the rate at which mutations occur) can be increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents called

mutagens.

The organism containing the mutation is called a

mutant.

Ways in which bacteria acquire new genetic information

o Lysogenic Conversion o Transduction o Transformation o Conjugation

An extrachromosomal DNA molecule is called a

plasmid.

A plasmid that can either exist by itself or can integrate into the chromosome is called an

episome.

A phage is called a ___ when all that remains of it is its DNA

prophage

The bacterial cell containing the prophage is referred to as a

lysogenic cell.

The bacterial cell exhibits new properties, directed by the viral genes – this is referred to as

lysogenic conversion.

Transduction

(“to carry across”)

The ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell is called

competence

bacteria capable of absorbing naked DNA are said to be

competent bacteria.

involves the insertion of a normal gene into cells to correct a specific genetic disorder caused by a defective gene.

GENE THERAPY