MICROPARA 7 Flashcards
is the study of the vital life processes of
organisms.
Physiology
concerns the vital life
processes of microorganisms.
Microbial physiology
Terms relating to an organism’s energy source.
Phototrophs
o Chemotrophs
use light as an energy source.
Phototrophs
use inorganic chemicals as
an energy source.
Chemolithotrophs
Materials that organisms are unable to synthesize, but are
required for building macromolecules and sustaining life,
are termed
essential nutrients(e.g., certain essential amino
acids and essential fatty acids).
use either inorganic or organic
chemicals as an energy source.
Chemotrophs
use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their sole
source of carbon.
Autotrophs
When ATP is used as an energy source, it is hydrolyzed to
a
denosine diphosphate (ADP).
Chemoorganotrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
All living protoplasm contains 6 major chemical elements:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur.
Terms that combine both energy and carbon source:
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
reactions involve the breaking down of larger
molecules into smaller ones.
Catabolic
reactions involve the assembly of smaller
molecules into larger molecules, requiring the formation of
bonds.
Anabolic
molecules are found in all cells because they are used
to transfer energy from energy-yielding molecules like
glucose, to energy-requiring reactions.
ATP
refers to the interactions between living
organisms and their nonliving environment.
Ecosystem
are enzymes produced within a cell that
remain within the cell to catalyze reactions.
Endoenzymes
Terms relating to an organism’s carbon source:
o Autotrophs
o Heterotrophs
use organic compounds other than
CO2 as carbon sources.
Heterotrophs
refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in
a cell.
Metabolism
is the study of the interactions between living
organisms and the world around them
Ecology
Metabolic reactions are enhanced and regulated by
enzymes known as
metabolic enzymes.
are examples of metabolic
enzymes.
Hydrolases and polymerases
are a series of linked biochemical
reactions occurring in a stepwise manner, from a starting
material to an end product.
Biochemical pathways
are biologic catalysts; they are proteins
that either cause a particular chemical reaction to
occur or accelerate it.
Enzymes
are produced within a cell and then released
outside of the cell to catalyze extracellular reactions
Exoenzymes
A particular enzyme can only exert its effect on one
particular substance, known as the ___ for that
enzyme
substrate
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY OF
ENZYMES
pH - extreme acidity for example
o Temperature - heat can denature enzymes by
breaking bonds
o Concentration of enzyme and/or substrate – may be
too high or too low
o Inhibitors, for example heavy metals like lead, zinc,
mercury and arsenic
A ____ is any molecule that is a nutrient, an
intermediary product, or an end product in a
metabolic reaction.
metabolite
Metabolic reactions fall into 2 categories:
catabolism and
anabolism.
ADP can be used as an energy source by hydrolysis to
adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Glucose, for example, can be catabolized by one of 2
common biochemical pathways:
aerobic respiration and
fermentation.
Catabolism of glucose by aerobic respiration occurs in 3
phases (each is a biochemical pathway):
o Glycolysis
o The Krebs cycle
o The electron transport chain
IN Catabolism of glucose, The 1st phase (glycolysis) is actually ____, but the
other 2 phases are
anaerobic, aerobic.
The Krebs Cycle (also known as the
he citric acid cycle, the
tricarboxylic acid cycle and the TCA cycle):
A biochemical pathway consisting of 8 separate
reactions, each controlled by a different enzyme.
The Krebs Cycle
in krebs cycle,Only ____ ATP molecules are produced, but a number
of products (e.g., NADH, H+
, FADH2) are formed,
which enter the electron transport chain.
2
In eucaryotes, the TCA cycle and the electron transport
chain occur in
mitochondria.
In procaryotes, where does TCA occur
both occur at the inner surface of the cell
membrane.
A series of oxidation-reduction reactions, whereby
energy is released as electrons which are
transferred from one compound to another.
The electron transport chain
A large number of ATP molecules are produced by
oxidative phosphorylation.
Fermentation reactions do not involve
oxygen
Fermentation of Glucose steps
First step is glycolysis (anaerobic).
o The next step is conversion of pyruvic acid into an
end product. The end product varies from one
organism to another.
Many enzymes are involved in the electron transport
chain, including ____, which transfers
electrons to oxygen (the final acceptor).
cytochrome oxidase
Fermentation reactions produce very little energy
(2 ATP molecules).
The gain of one or more electrons by a molecule is called
_____ and the molecule is said to be ______
reduction, reduced.
occurs whenever an atom, ion, or molecule loses
one or more electrons in a reaction; in which case, the
molecule is said to be
Oxidation, oxidized.
are paired reactions in which
electrons are transferred from one compound to another.
Oxidation-reduction reactions
In a redox reaction, the electron
donor (compound A) is the
_____ agent, and the electron
acceptor (compound B) is the
_____ agent.
reducing, oxidizing
anabolic reactions are also called
biosynthetic reactions.
the study of heredity.
Genetics
An organism’s _ is its complete collection of genes.
genotype
An organism’s ___ refers to its physical traits
phenotype
direct all functions of the cell.
genes
A change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is
transmissible to offspring is called a
mutation.
3 categories of mutations:
- Beneficial mutations
- Harmful mutations (some are lethal mutations)
- Silent mutations
Mutation rate (the rate at which mutations occur) can be
increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents
called
mutagens.
The organism containing the mutation is called a
mutant.
Ways in which bacteria acquire new genetic information
o Lysogenic Conversion
o Transduction
o Transformation
o Conjugation
An extrachromosomal DNA molecule is called a
plasmid.
A plasmid that can either exist by itself or can integrate into
the chromosome is called an
episome.
A phage is called a ___ when all that remains of it is
its DNA
prophage
The bacterial cell containing the prophage is referred to as
a
lysogenic cell.
The bacterial cell exhibits new properties, directed by the
viral genes – this is referred to as
lysogenic conversion.
Transduction
(“to carry across”)
The ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell is called
competence
bacteria capable of absorbing naked DNA
are said to be
competent bacteria.
involves the insertion of a
normal gene into cells to correct a specific genetic disorder
caused by a defective gene.
GENE THERAPY
