HE 2

Question 1

Behaviorist

Answer 1

Focus – what directly is observable
Learning – product of the stimulus (S) and
response (R)
observe responses and then manipulate the
environment to bring about the intended
change

Question 2

Cognitive

Answer 2

stress the importance of what goes on
inside the learner
individual’s cognition – key to learning and
changing
highly active process involving perceiving,
interpreting, reorganizing/understanding
the information

Question 3

Social

Answer 3

Considers personal characteristics of the
learner, behavioral pattern and environment
Learners are “human agency” that is viewed
as “central”
Central concept – Role modeling

Question 4

proponent of the behaviorist theory

Answer 4

John B. Watson

Question 5

associated with the Stimulus-Response
o Behavior results from a series of
conditioned reflexes
o All emotions and thoughts are
product of behavior learned through
condition

Answer 5

John B. Watson

Question 6

Behavioral Learning is based on:
* Respondent Conditioning
* Operant Conditioning

Question 7

ELEMENTS OF RESPONDENT CONDITIONING

Answer 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS) – no value
* Naturally Occurring Unconditioned or
unlearned stimulus (UCS)
* Unconditioned Responses (URC)
* Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
* Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 7

Neutral stimulus + naturally occurring
unconditioned/unlearned stimulus results
to

Answer 7

NO LEARNING

Question 8

When the newly conditioned stimulus (CS)
becomes associated with the conditioned
response =

Answer 8

LEARNING

Question 9

• Based on respondent conditioning
• Used by psychologist to reduce fear and
  anxiety in their clients
• Assumption: Fear of a particular stimulus
  or situation is learned, therefore, can be
  unlearned or extinguished

Answer 9

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITAZION

Question 10

Apply to other similar stimuli what was
initially learned
* tendency of initial learning experiences to
be easily applied to other similar stimuli
(generalization learning)
* with more and varied experiences, the
individual learns to differentiate among
similar stimuli (discrimination learning)

Answer 10

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

Question 11

• Is being used in relapse prevention
  programs
• Explain why it is quite difficult to completely
  eliminate “unhealthy habits and addictive
  behaviors (alcoholism, drug abuse,
  smoking)
• Principle: Although a response may
  appear to be extinguished, it may recover
  and reappear at any time if, stimulus
  conditions are similar to those in the initial
  learning experience

Answer 11

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Question 12

Developed by B. F. Skinner

Answer 12

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 13

behavior of the organism and the
reinforcement that occurs after the
response
o Reinforcements
▪ events that strengthen
responses
▪ Most powerful tools used in
teaching and is a major
condition for most learning
to take place

Answer 13

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 14

application of a
pleasant stimulus

Answer 14

Positive reinforcement:

Question 15

removal of an
aversive or unpleasant stimulus

Answer 15

Negative reinforcement

Question 15

a pleasant stimulus
is applied following an organism’s
response

Answer 15

Reward conditioning

Question 16

an aversive
stimulus is anticipated by the organism,
which makes a response to avoid the
unpleasant event (expect something then
run)

Answer 16

Avoidance conditioning

Question 17

as an aversive
stimulus is applied, the organism makes a
response that causes the unpleasant
stimulus to cease.

Answer 17

Escape conditioning:

Question 18

an organism’s
conditioned response is not followed by
any kind of reinforcement (positive,
negative, or punishment)

Answer 18

Nonreinforcement:

Question 19

following a response, an
aversive stimulus is applied that the
organism cannot escape or avoid

Answer 19

Punishment: