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biochem > micropara > Flashcards

micropara Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of living organisms.

A

Biology

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2
Q

is an advanced biology course.

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

Living microbes are known as

A

cellular microbes or
microorganisms

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4
Q

Nonliving microbes are known as

A

acellular microbes or
infectious particles

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5
Q

The microbes that cause
disease are sometimes
referred to as

A

“germs.”

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6
Q

The scientific term for
disease-causing microbes
is

A

pathogens.

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7
Q

Microbes that live on and in our bodies are referred to
as our

A

indigenous microbiota.

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8
Q

are microbes that can cause
disease, but usually do not; they can be thought of as
microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause
disease.

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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9
Q

Pathogens cause two categories of diseases:

A

infectious diseases and microbial intoxications.

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10
Q

and produce much of the oxygen in our
atmosphere.

A

Photosynthetic algae, bacteria (such as
cyanobacteria)

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11
Q

are organisms that live on dead and/or
decaying organic matter.

A

Saprophytes

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12
Q

The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and
other industrial waste products is known as

A

bioremediation.

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13
Q

Candidates for the first microorganisms on Earth are

A

archaea and cyanobacteria

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14
Q

“Father of Microbiology”

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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15
Q

Made many simple
single-lens microscopes

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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16
Q

who Observed “animalcules”
(bacteria and protozoa)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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17
Q

French chemist who made
numerous contributions to
microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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18
Q

Investigated different
fermentation products

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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19
Q

Developed the
pasteurization process

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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20
Q

Discovered life forms that
could exist without oxygen
(anaerobes)

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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21
Q

Developed several vaccines,
including rabies and
anthrax vaccines

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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22
Q

German physician who made
numerous contributions to
microbiology

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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23
Q

Made significant contributions
to the germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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24
Q

Discovered that Bacillus
anthracis produced spores

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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25
Q

Developed methods of fixing
and staining bacteria

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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26
Q

Developed methods to
cultivate bacteria

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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27
Q

are used to express the sizes of microbes.

A

Metric units

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28
Q

The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter
(m); it is equivalent to

A

39.4 inches

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29
Q

The sizes of bacteria and protozoa are usually expressed
in terms of

A

micrometers (μm).

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30
Q

Most of the viruses that cause human diseases range in
size from

A

10 to 300 nm.

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31
Q

When using a microscope, the sizes of microorganisms
are measured using an

A

ocular micrometer.

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32
Q

Each optical instrument has a limit as to what can be
seen using that instrument; this limit is referred to as the

A

resolving power or resolution of the instrument.

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33
Q

The resolving power of the unaided human eye is
approximately

A

0.2 mm.

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34
Q

is one that contains only one
magnifying lens.

A

A simple microscope

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35
Q

contains more than one
magnifying lens.

A

A compound microscope

36
Q

Because visible light is the source of illumination, a
compound microscope is also referred to as a

A

compound
light microscope.

37
Q

Compound light microscopes usually magnify objects
about

A

1,000 times.

38
Q

Photographs taken through the lens system of the
compound light microscope are called

A

photomicrographs.

39
Q

Other types of compound microscopes include

A

– Phase-contrast microscopes
– Fluorescence microscopes

39
Q

are used to observe
unstained living microorganisms.

A

Phase-contrast microscopes

40
Q

contain a built-in ultraviolet
(UV) light source.

A

Fluorescence microscopes

41
Q

enable us to see extremely small
microbes such as rabies and smallpox viruses.

A

Electron microscopes

42
Q

Living organisms cannot be observed using —the processing procedures kill the
organisms.

A

an electron
microscope

43
Q

There are two types of electron microscopes—

A

transmission and scanning.

44
Q

This microscope uses an
electron gun to fire a beam of
electrons through an extremely
thin specimen (<1 μm thick).

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

45
Q

Magnification is approximately
1,000 times greater than with
the compound light microscope.

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

46
Q

Electrons are bounced off the
surface of a specimen and the
image appears on a monitor.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

47
Q

This is used to observe the outer
surfaces of specimens.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

48
Q

Resolving power of this
microscope is about 100 times
less than that of transmission
electron microscope.

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

49
Q

this micrographs are black-
and-white images.

A

Transmission and scanning
electron

50
Q

A true nucleus consists of

A

nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and a nuclear
membrane.

51
Q

Chromosomes are embedded in the

A

nucleoplasm.

52
Q

An organism’s
complete collection of genes is referred to as its

A

genotype or genome.

53
Q

Human diploid cells have

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

54
Q

It has been estimated that the human genome consists
of between

A

20,000 and 25,000 genes.

55
Q

Contains storage
granules and a variety
of organelles

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

is where
most metabolic
reactions occur

A

Cytoplasm

57
Q

A highly convoluted
system of membranes
arranged to form a
transport network in the
cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

58
Q

The sites of protein
synthesis

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

Originate in the Golgi
complex

A

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

60
Q

are
membrane-bound
vesicles where H2O2 is
generated and broken
down

A

Peroxisomes

61
Q

are
produced within
mitochondria by cellular
respiration

A

ATP molecules

62
Q

Membrane-bound
structures containing
photosynthetic pigments

A

Plastids

63
Q

They are sites of
photosynthesis

A

Plastids

64
Q

Some eukaryotic cells (e.g., spermatozoa and certain
protozoa) possess long, thin, whiplike organelles of
locomotion called

A

flagella

65
Q

Some cells move by means of , which are
shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella,
and described as being “hair-like.”

A

of cilia

66
Q

Prokaryotic cells are about _ times smaller than
eukaryotic cells.

A

10

67
Q

Main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is
)____ (found only in bacteria).

A

peptidoglycan

68
Q

Gram-positive bacteria have a ____ layer of
peptidoglycan

A

thick

69
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have a much
___ layer

A

thinner

70
Q

Mycoplasma spp. do not have a cell wall; they are

A

pleomorphic.

71
Q

Peritrichous bacteria

A

flagella over entire surface

72
Q

Lophotrichous bacteria

A

tuft of flagella at one end

73
Q

Amphitrichous bacteria

A

one or more flagella at
both ends

74
Q

Monotrichous bacteria

A

single polar flagellum

75
Q

They are hairlike structures, most often observed on
Gram-negative bacteria

A

Fimbriae and Pili

76
Q

are thinner than flagella, have a
rigid structure, and are not associated with motility

A

Fimbriae and pili

77
Q

The process of spore formation is called —it is
not reproduction

A

sporulation

78
Q

Endospores can be visualized using a

A

spore stain

79
Q

is the science of classification of living
organisms

A

Taxonomy

80
Q

Taxonomy consists of

A

classification, nomenclature, and
identification.

81
Q

KDCOFGS

A

K for Kingdom, D for Division, C for
Class, O for Order, F for Family, G for Genus, and S
for species.

82
Q

The Five-Kingdom System of Classification

A
  1. Bacteria and archaea—Kingdom Prokaryotae
  2. Algae and protozoa—Kingdom Protista
  3. Fungi—Kingdom Fungi
  4. Plants—Kingdom Plantae
  5. Animals—Kingdom Animalia
83
Q

The Three-Domain System of Classification

A
  1. Archaea (prokaryotic)
  2. Bacteria (prokaryotic)
  3. Eucarya (all eukaryotic organisms)
84
Q
A

biochem (51 decks)

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