micropara Flashcards by Hanz Myko C. DIDULO

is the study of living organisms.

Biology

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is an advanced biology course.

Microbiology

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Living microbes are known as

cellular microbes or
microorganisms

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Nonliving microbes are known as

acellular microbes or
infectious particles

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The microbes that cause
disease are sometimes
referred to as

“germs.”

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The scientific term for
disease-causing microbes
is

pathogens.

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Microbes that live on and in our bodies are referred to
as our

indigenous microbiota.

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are microbes that can cause
disease, but usually do not; they can be thought of as
microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause
disease.

Opportunistic pathogens

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Pathogens cause two categories of diseases:

infectious diseases and microbial intoxications.

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and produce much of the oxygen in our
atmosphere.

Photosynthetic algae, bacteria (such as
cyanobacteria)

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are organisms that live on dead and/or
decaying organic matter.

Saprophytes

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The use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and
other industrial waste products is known as

bioremediation.

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Candidates for the first microorganisms on Earth are

archaea and cyanobacteria

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“Father of Microbiology”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Made many simple
single-lens microscopes

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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who Observed “animalcules”
(bacteria and protozoa)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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French chemist who made
numerous contributions to
microbiology

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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Investigated different
fermentation products

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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Developed the
pasteurization process

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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Discovered life forms that
could exist without oxygen
(anaerobes)

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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Developed several vaccines,
including rabies and
anthrax vaccines

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

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German physician who made
numerous contributions to
microbiology

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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Made significant contributions
to the germ theory of disease

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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Discovered that Bacillus
anthracis produced spores

Robert Koch (1843–1910

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Developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria

Robert Koch (1843–1910

Developed methods to cultivate bacteria

Robert Koch (1843–1910

are used to express the sizes of microbes.

Metric units

The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter (m); it is equivalent to

39.4 inches

The sizes of bacteria and protozoa are usually expressed in terms of

micrometers (μm).

Most of the viruses that cause human diseases range in size from

10 to 300 nm.

When using a microscope, the sizes of microorganisms are measured using an

ocular micrometer.

Each optical instrument has a limit as to what can be seen using that instrument; this limit is referred to as the

resolving power or resolution of the instrument.

The resolving power of the unaided human eye is approximately

0.2 mm.

is one that contains only one magnifying lens.

A simple microscope

contains more than one magnifying lens.

A compound microscope

Because visible light is the source of illumination, a compound microscope is also referred to as a

compound light microscope.

Compound light microscopes usually magnify objects about

1,000 times.

Photographs taken through the lens system of the compound light microscope are called

photomicrographs.

Other types of compound microscopes include

– Phase-contrast microscopes – Fluorescence microscopes

are used to observe unstained living microorganisms.

Phase-contrast microscopes

contain a built-in ultraviolet (UV) light source.

Fluorescence microscopes

enable us to see extremely small microbes such as rabies and smallpox viruses.

Electron microscopes

Living organisms cannot be observed using —the processing procedures kill the organisms.

an electron microscope

There are two types of electron microscopes—

transmission and scanning.

This microscope uses an electron gun to fire a beam of electrons through an extremely thin specimen (<1 μm thick).

Transmission Electron Microscope

Magnification is approximately 1,000 times greater than with the compound light microscope.

Transmission Electron Microscope

Electrons are bounced off the surface of a specimen and the image appears on a monitor.

Scanning Electron Microscope

This is used to observe the outer surfaces of specimens.

Scanning Electron Microscope

Resolving power of this microscope is about 100 times less than that of transmission electron microscope.

Scanning Electron Microscope

this micrographs are black- and-white images.

Transmission and scanning electron

A true nucleus consists of

nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and a nuclear membrane.

Chromosomes are embedded in the

nucleoplasm.

An organism’s complete collection of genes is referred to as its

genotype or genome.

Human diploid cells have

46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

It has been estimated that the human genome consists of between

20,000 and 25,000 genes.

Contains storage granules and a variety of organelles

Cytoplasm

is where most metabolic reactions occur

Cytoplasm

A highly convoluted system of membranes arranged to form a transport network in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The sites of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Originate in the Golgi complex

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

are membrane-bound vesicles where H2O2 is generated and broken down

Peroxisomes

are produced within mitochondria by cellular respiration

ATP molecules

Membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments

Plastids

They are sites of photosynthesis

Plastids

Some eukaryotic cells (e.g., spermatozoa and certain protozoa) possess long, thin, whiplike organelles of locomotion called

flagella

Some cells move by means of , which are shorter, thinner, and more numerous than flagella, and described as being “hair-like.”

of cilia

Prokaryotic cells are about _ times smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is )____ (found only in bacteria).

peptidoglycan

Gram-positive bacteria have a ____ layer of peptidoglycan

thick

Gram-negative bacteria have a much ___ layer

thinner

Mycoplasma spp. do not have a cell wall; they are

pleomorphic.

Peritrichous bacteria

flagella over entire surface

Lophotrichous bacteria

tuft of flagella at one end

Amphitrichous bacteria

one or more flagella at both ends

Monotrichous bacteria

single polar flagellum

They are hairlike structures, most often observed on Gram-negative bacteria

Fimbriae and Pili

are thinner than flagella, have a rigid structure, and are not associated with motility

Fimbriae and pili

The process of spore formation is called —it is not reproduction

sporulation

Endospores can be visualized using a

spore stain

is the science of classification of living organisms

Taxonomy

Taxonomy consists of

classification, nomenclature, and identification.

KDCOFGS

K for Kingdom, D for Division, C for Class, O for Order, F for Family, G for Genus, and S for species.

The Five-Kingdom System of Classification

1. Bacteria and archaea—Kingdom Prokaryotae 2. Algae and protozoa—Kingdom Protista 3. Fungi—Kingdom Fungi 4. Plants—Kingdom Plantae 5. Animals—Kingdom Animalia

The Three-Domain System of Classification

1. Archaea (prokaryotic) 2. Bacteria (prokaryotic) 3. Eucarya (all eukaryotic organisms)