anaphy 6

Question 1

Components of Skeletal System

Answer 1

Bones
Cartilages
Tendons
Ligaments

Question 2

Functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 2

Body support
Organ protect
Body movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

Question 3

Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all ___ tissues.

Answer 3

connective

Question 4

is a fibrous protein that provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression

Answer 4

Collagen

Question 5

Matrix ground substance contains ____ which are water trapping proteins that help cartilage to be smooth and resilient.

Answer 5

proteoglycans

Question 6

The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of _____, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables.

Answer 6

collagen fibers

Question 7

Bone matrix is about ___ organic and ____ inorganic material by weight.

Answer 7

35%. 65%

Question 8

The organic material is primarily _______ and _______

Answer 8

collagen and proteoglycans

Question 9

The inorganic material is primarily a calcium phosphate crystal called ______

Answer 9

hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.

Question 10

_____ lend flexible strength to the bone

Answer 10

Collagen fibers

Question 11

The _____ component gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength.

Answer 11

mineral

Question 12

_____ are responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.

Answer 12

Osteoblasts

Question 13

Osteoblasts produce _

Answer 13

collagen and proteoglycans.

Question 14

Osteoblasts also secrete high concentrations of Ca2+ and phosphate ions, forming crystals called

Answer 14

hydroxyapatite.

Question 15

The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called

Answer 15

ossification.

Question 16

are cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

Answer 16

Osteocytes

Question 17

Osteocytes account for _% of bone cells and are very long-lived.

Answer 17

90–95

Question 18

Osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called ____
Their cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called ___

Answer 18

lacunae. canaliculi.

Question 19

are bone-destroying cells.

Answer 19

Osteoclasts

Question 20

They contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption

Answer 20

Osteoclasts

Question 21

As bone is broken down, the ___ goes into the blood.

Answer 21

Ca2+

Question 22

Mature bone is called _. It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers, called

Answer 22

lamellar bone, lamellae.

Question 24

___has less bone matrix and more space than ____, which has more bone matrix and less space.

Answer 24

Spongy bone ., compact bone

Question 25

Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called

Answer 25

trabeculae.

Question 26

Between the trabeculae are spaces, which in life are filled with

Answer 26

bone marrow and blood vessels.

Question 27

, is the solid, outer layer surrounding each bone.

Answer 27

Compact bone, or cortical bone

Question 28

The functional unit of compact bone is an _____. It is composed of concentric rings of matrix surrounding a central canal.

Answer 28

osteon

Question 29

____ are concentric rings of bone matrix which surround the central canal.

Answer 29

Lamellae

Question 30

Osteocytes are located in spaces called _____ between the lamellar rings.

Answer 30

lacunae

Question 31

Small tunnels called ____radiate between lacunae across the lamellae.

Answer 31

canaliculi

Question 32

____ connect osteocytes to one another, transport nutrients and remove waste.

Answer 32

____Canaliculi

Question 33

The _ is the center portion of the bone which is composed of compact bone surrounding a hollow center called the medullary cavity.

Answer 33

diaphysis

Question 34

The ends of a long bone are called ______They contain mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone.

Answer 34

epiphyses

Question 35

Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called ____

Answer 35

articular cartilage.

Question 36

The ___ is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Growth in bone length occurs at this plate

Answer 36

epiphyseal plate

Question 37

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the ____

Answer 37

epiphyseal line

Question 38

Cavities in spongy bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis are filled with soft tissue called

Answer 38

marrow

Question 39

is the location of blood forming cells.

Answer 39

Red marrow

Question 40

marrow is mostly fat.

Answer 40

Yellow

Question 41

The outer surface of a bone is covered by a connective tissue membrane called

Answer 41

periosteum

Question 42

The outer layer of periosteum contains ____ The inner layer is a single layer of bone cells, including ___

Answer 42

blood vessels and nerves. osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 43

The ____ is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones. Tthis includes ____

Answer 43

endosteum osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 44

______ starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes.

Answer 44

Intramembranous ossification

Question 45

starts with a cartilage model

Answer 45

Endochondral ossification

Question 46

Bone Formation

Answer 46

Endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification

Question 47

Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within _______ tissue. This occurs primarily in the bones of the____ Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae.

Answer 47

connective, skull.

Question 48

Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a

Answer 48

cartilage model.

Question 49

Bone Growth in Width This process is called a

Answer 49

appositional growth.

Question 50

Bone Growth in Length This type of bone growth occurs through

Answer 50

endochondral ossification.

Question 51

is a critical nutrient involved in many physiological processes including: Stimulation and regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction Exocytosis of cellular molecules, including those important for neural signaling

Answer 51

Calcium

Question 52

Calcium homeostasis is maintained by

Answer 52

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

Question 53

The average adult has _ bones.

Answer 53

206

Question 54

Bones are segregated into the

Answer 54

axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Question 55

The term ______ refers to the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body. These two zones are the pectoral _____ and the pelvic _____

Answer 55

girdle,

Question 56

There are four bone shape classifications: l

Answer 56

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

Question 57

Foramen:

Answer 57

hole

Question 58

Fossa:

Answer 58

depression

Question 59

Process:

Answer 59

projection

Question 60

Condyle:

Answer 60

smooth, rounded end

Question 61

Meatus or canal:

Answer 61

canal-like passageway

Question 62

Tubercle or tuberosity:

Answer 62

lump of bone

Question 63

The cranial bones are connected by immovable joints called

Answer 63

sutures

Question 64

There are four principal sutures:

Answer 64

coronal sagittal lambdoid squamous

Question 65

Cheek bones Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

Answer 65

Zygomatic bones

Question 66

Medial surfaces of eye orbits

Answer 66

Lacrimal bones

Question 67

Form bridge of nose

Answer 67

Nasal bones

Question 68

In midline of nasal cavity Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

Answer 68

Vomer

Question 69

The paranasal sinuses are:

Answer 69

Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary

Question 70

Vertebral Column In adults, it usually consists of _ individual bones, grouped into five regions.

Answer 70

26

Question 71

cervical vertebra thoracic vertebra lumbar vertebra sacrum coccyx

Answer 71

7 12 5 1 1

Question 72

1st vertebra holds head

Answer 72

Atlas:

Question 73

2nd vertebra rotates head

Answer 73

Axis:

Question 74

Plane intervertebral

Answer 74

bertebral column

Question 75

joint of carpals. and sternum and clavilcle

Answer 75

carpometacarpal

Question 76

joint of humerus. ulna, radius, femur, tibia, between palanges, tibia, fibula

Answer 76

Hinge Cubital

Question 77

joints of atlas n axis, radius n ulna

Answer 77

pivot atlantoaxial

Question 78

joint of hip and scapula and humeros

Answer 78

ball n socket

Question 79

joint of atlas and occipital bone

Answer 79

ellipsoid atlantoccipital

Question 80

Flexion: Extension: Abduction: Adduction: Pronation: Supination: Rotation:

Answer 80

bending straightening movement away from midline movement toward the midline rotation of the forearm with palms down rotation of the forearm with palms up movement of a structure about the long axis

Question 81

blue naja

Answer 81

wr