anaphy 6 Flashcards
Components of Skeletal System
Bones
Cartilages
Tendons
Ligaments
Functions of the Skeletal System
Body support
Organ protect
Body movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all ___ tissues.
connective
is a fibrous protein that provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression
Collagen
Matrix ground substance contains ____ which are water trapping proteins that help cartilage to be smooth and resilient.
proteoglycans
The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of _____, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables.
collagen fibers
Bone matrix is about ___ organic and ____ inorganic material by weight.
35%. 65%
The organic material is primarily _______ and _______
collagen and proteoglycans
The inorganic material is primarily a calcium phosphate crystal called ______
hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
_____ lend flexible strength to the bone
Collagen fibers
The _____ component gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength.
mineral
_____ are responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts produce _
collagen and proteoglycans.
Osteoblasts also secrete high concentrations of Ca2+ and phosphate ions, forming crystals called
hydroxyapatite.
The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called
ossification.
are cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.
Osteocytes
Osteocytes account for _% of bone cells and are very long-lived.
90–95
Osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called ____
Their cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called ___
lacunae. canaliculi.
are bone-destroying cells.
Osteoclasts
They contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption
Osteoclasts
As bone is broken down, the ___ goes into the blood.
Ca2+
Mature bone is called _. It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers, called
lamellar bone, lamellae.
___has less bone matrix and more space than ____, which has more bone matrix and less space.
Spongy bone ., compact bone
Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called
trabeculae.
Between the trabeculae are spaces, which in life are filled with
bone marrow and blood vessels.
, is the solid, outer layer surrounding each bone.
Compact bone, or cortical bone
The functional unit of compact bone is an _____. It is composed of concentric rings of matrix surrounding a central canal.
osteon
____ are concentric rings of bone matrix which surround the central canal.
Lamellae
Osteocytes are located in spaces called _____ between the lamellar rings.
lacunae
Small tunnels called ____radiate between lacunae across the lamellae.
canaliculi
____ connect osteocytes to one another, transport nutrients and remove waste.
____Canaliculi
The _ is the center portion of the bone which is composed of compact bone surrounding a hollow center called the medullary cavity.
diaphysis
The ends of a long bone are called ______They contain mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone.
epiphyses
Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called ____
articular cartilage.
The ___ is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Growth in bone length occurs at this plate
epiphyseal plate
When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the ____
epiphyseal line
Cavities in spongy bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis are filled with soft tissue called
marrow
is the location of blood forming cells.
Red marrow
marrow is mostly fat.
Yellow
The outer surface of a bone is covered by a connective tissue membrane called
periosteum
The outer layer of periosteum contains ____
The inner layer is a single layer of bone cells, including ___
blood vessels and nerves.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The ____ is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones.
Tthis includes ____
endosteum
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
______ starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes.
Intramembranous ossification
starts with a cartilage model
Endochondral ossification
Bone Formation
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within _______ tissue.
This occurs primarily in the bones of the____
Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae.
connective, skull.
Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a
cartilage model.
Bone Growth in Width
This process is called a
appositional growth.
Bone Growth in Length
This type of bone growth occurs through
endochondral ossification.
is a critical nutrient involved in many physiological processes including:
Stimulation and regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
Exocytosis of cellular molecules, including those important for neural signaling
Calcium
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by
parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.
The average adult has _ bones.
206
Bones are segregated into the
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The term ______ refers to the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body.
These two zones are the pectoral _____ and the pelvic _____
girdle,
There are four bone shape classifications: l
Long, short, flat, and irregular.
Foramen:
hole
Fossa:
depression
Process:
projection
Condyle:
smooth, rounded end
Meatus or canal:
canal-like passageway
Tubercle or tuberosity:
lump of bone
The cranial bones are connected by immovable joints called
sutures
There are four principal sutures:
coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamous
Cheek bones
Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit
Zygomatic bones
Medial surfaces of eye orbits
Lacrimal bones
Form bridge of nose
Nasal bones
In midline of nasal cavity
Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
Vomer
The paranasal sinuses are:
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Vertebral Column In adults, it usually consists of _ individual bones, grouped into five regions.
26
cervical vertebra
thoracic vertebra
lumbar vertebra
sacrum
coccyx
7
12
5
1
1
1st vertebra
holds head
Atlas:
2nd vertebra
rotates head
Axis:
Plane intervertebral
bertebral column
joint of carpals. and sternum and clavilcle
carpometacarpal
joint of humerus. ulna, radius, femur, tibia, between palanges, tibia, fibula
Hinge Cubital
joints of atlas n axis, radius n ulna
pivot atlantoaxial
joint of hip and scapula and humeros
ball n socket
joint of atlas and occipital bone
ellipsoid atlantoccipital
Flexion:
Extension:
Abduction:
Adduction:
Pronation:
Supination:
Rotation:
bending
straightening
movement away from midline
movement toward the midline
rotation of the forearm with palms down
rotation of the forearm with palms up
movement of a structure about the long axis
blue naja
wr
