MICROPARA 5

Question 1

are referred to as protists because
they are in the Kingdom Protista.

Answer 1

Algae and protozoa

Question 2

(a thickened cell membrane)

Answer 2

pellicle

Question 3

(a light-sensing organelle, also known as an eyespot),

Answer 3

a stigma

Question 4

Most algal cell walls
contain

Answer 4

cellulose

Question 5

are tiny, usually unicellular algae that live in
both freshwater and seawater

Answer 5

Diatoms

Question 6

have been investigated for use as drug delivery systems in
medicine, and their potential use in nanotechnology has
drawn great interest.

Answer 6

Diatoms

Question 7

are microscopic, unicellular, flagellated,
often photosynthetic algae.

Answer 7

Dinoflagellates

Question 8

are responsible for
what are known as “red tides

Answer 8

Dinoflagellates

Question 9

include many
different genera, all of which can be found in pond water

Answer 9

Green algae

Question 10

The agar used as a solidifying agent in laboratory
culture media is a complex polysaccharide derived from a

Answer 10

red marine alga

Question 11

One genus of algae is a very rare cause of
human infections

Answer 11

(Prototheca)

Question 12

Most protozoa are

Answer 12

unicellular (single-celled)

Question 13

Most protozoa are unicellular (single-celled), ranging in
length from

Answer 13

3 to 2,000 µm

Question 13

Protozoa have no ___ and, therefore,
cannot make their own food by photosynthesis.

Answer 13

chlorophyll

Question 13

cells are more
animal-like than plantlike.

Answer 13

Protozoal

Question 14

Some
flagellates and ciliates ingest food through a primitive
mouth or opening, called a

Answer 14

cytostome.

Question 14

A typical protozoan life cycle consists of two stages:

Answer 14

the
trophozoite stage and the cyst stage

Question 14

(common pond water ciliates) possess both a pellicle
(thickened cell membrane) and a cytostome.

Answer 14

Paramecium spp.

Question 14

Some pond
water protozoa (such as amebae and Paramecium) contain
an organelle called a ___, which pumps
water out of the cell.

Answer 14

contractile vacuole

Question 15

The is the
motile, feeding, dividing stage in a protozoan life cycle

Answer 15

trophozoite

Question 16

Amebae (or amebas) move by means of cytoplasmic
extensions called

Answer 16

pseudopodia

Question 16

Protozoa are sometimes classified taxonomically by their

Answer 16

mode of locomotion.

Question 16

is the nonmotile, dormant, survival stage.

Answer 16

cyst

Question 17

Many parasitic protozoa are pathogens,
such as those that cause

Answer 17

malaria, giardiasis, African
sleeping sickness, and amebic dysentery

Question 18

An ameba ingests a food particle (e.g., a yeast or bacterial cell) by surrounding the particle with pseudopodia, which then fuse together; this process is known as

Answer 18

phagocytosis.

Question 18

When fluids are ingested in a similar manner, the process is known as _

Answer 18

pinocytosis.

Question 19

Cilia exhibit an _ motion

Answer 19

oarlike

Question 19

are the most complex of all protozoa.

Answer 19

Ciliates

Question 20

, transmitted by the tsetse fly, causes African sleeping sickness in humans

Answer 20

Trypanosoma brucei

Question 21

A pathogenic ciliate, causes dysentery in underdeveloped countries. It is usually transmitted to humans from drinking water that has been contaminated by swine feces

Answer 21

Balantidium coli,

Question 21

is the only ciliated protozoan that causes disease in humans

Answer 21

Balantidium coli,

Question 22

Flagella exhibit a motion

Answer 22

wavelike

Question 23

cruzi causes American trypanosomiasi

Answer 23

Trypanosoma

Question 24

causes persistent sexually transmitted infections of the male and female genital tracts;

Answer 24

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 25

Nonmotile protozoa—protozoa lacking pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia—are classified together in a category called

Answer 25

sporozoa.

Question 25

causes a persistent diarrheal disease

Answer 25

Giardia intestinalis

Question 26

The most important sporozoan pathogens are the that cause malaria in many areas of the world.

Answer 26

Plasmodium spp.

Question 27

“garbage disposers” of nature—the “vultures” of the microbial world

Answer 27

Fungi

Question 28

Malarial parasites are transmitted by female ___mosquitoes, which become infected when they take a blood meal from a person infected with malaria.

Answer 28

Anopheles

Question 29

It is estimated that ___ are the most diverse group of organism on the earth

Answer 29

fungi

Question 29

The study of fungi is called

Answer 29

mycology

Question 30

saprophytes, their main source of food is dead and decaying organic matter.

Answer 30

fungi

Question 31

One way that fungi differ from plants and algae is that they are ___ they have no chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments

Answer 31

not photosynthetic;

Question 31

Fungal cell walls do contain a polysaccharide called

Answer 31

chitin

Question 32

Yeasts and microsporidia are ))___whereas moulds are

Answer 32

unicellular, multicellular

Question 33

Although many fungi are unicellular others grow as filaments called ____hyphae which intertwine to form a mass called a ___

Answer 33

, hyphae , mycelium

Question 34

contain multinucleated cytoplasm (described as being coenocytic).

Answer 34

Aseptate hyphae

Question 35

fungal cells can reproduce by

Answer 35

budding, hyphal extension, or the formation of spores.

Question 36

There are two general categories of fungal spores:

Answer 36

sexual spores and asexual spores.

Question 36

---spores are produced by the fusion of two gametes

Answer 36

Sexual

Question 37

__ spores are formed in many different ways, but not by the fusion of gametes

Answer 37

Asexual

Question 38

the reproductive structure arises from a fungal component called a conidiophore, then the spores are referred to as

Answer 38

conidia

Question 39

If the reproductive structure is formed within a sac-like structure called a sporangium, then the asexual form is referred to as a sporangiospore

Answer 39

a sporangiospore

Question 40

The two phyla known as “lower fungi” are the

Answer 40

Zygomycotina the Chytridiomycotina (

Question 41

include the common bread moulds and other fungi that cause food spoilage.

Answer 41

Zygomycotina

Question 42

The two phyla known as “higher fungi” are the

Answer 42

Ascomycotina Basidiomycotina

Question 42

Some fungi classification schemes contain a phylum called

Answer 42

Deuteromycotina

Question 43

which are not considered to be true fungi by some taxonomists, live in water (“water moulds”) and soil

Answer 43

Chytridiomycotina,

Question 44

include some yeasts like Cryptococcus, some fungi that cause skin infections and plant diseases, and the large “fleshy fungi” that live in the woods

Answer 44

Basidiomycotina

Question 44

include certain yeasts like Candida species, moulds like Aspergillus and Penicillium, and some fungi that cause plant diseases

Answer 44

Ascomycotina

Question 45

Contained in this phylum are fungi in which the sexual form of the organism has not been discovered or that the organisms have lost the ability to perform sexual reproduction.

Answer 45

Deuteromycotina

Question 45

Deuteromycota). This phylum is sometimes referred to as the

Answer 45

Fungi Imperfecti.

Question 46

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled (unicellular) organisms that lack

Answer 46

mycelia.

Question 47

They usually reproduce by budding (Fig. 5-12), but occasionally do so by a type of spore formation.

Answer 47

Yeasts

Question 48

The common yeast (“baker’s yeast”) ferments sugar to alcohol under anaerobic conditions.

Answer 48

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 49

are examples of yeasts that cause human infections.

Answer 49

C. albicans and C. neoformans

Question 50

A few fungi, including some human pathogens, can live either as yeasts or as moulds, depending on growth conditions

Answer 50

Dimorphic Fungi.

Question 51

A new inclusion in the Kingdom Eumycota are a diverse group of organisms called the . THEY are obligate intracellular parasitic fungi. For many years, they were classified with the protozoa.

Answer 51

microsporidia.

Question 52

Microsporidia,they possess a unique organelle called the

Answer 52

polar filament

Question 53

polar filament

Question 54

The large fungi that are encountered in forests, such as mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, and bracket fungi, are collectively referred to as

Answer 54

fleshy fungi

Question 55

A variety of yeasts and moulds cause human infections (known as

Answer 55

mycoses

Question 56

Fungal infections are known as

Answer 56

mycoses

Question 57

are fungal infections of the outermost areas of the human body, such as hair, fingernails, toenails, and the dead, outermost layers of the skin

Answer 57

Superficial mycoses

Question 58

A group of moulds, collectively referred to as dermatophytes, cause tinea infections, which are often referred to as

Answer 58

“ringworm” infections.

Question 59

(athlete’s foot)

Answer 59

tinea pedis

Question 60

, tinea unguium

Answer 60

fingernails

Question 61

tinea capitis

Answer 61

scalp

Question 62

tinea barbae

Answer 62

(face and neck)

Question 63

(trunk of the body

Answer 63

tinea corporis

Question 64

are fungal infections of the dermis and underlying tissues

Answer 64

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 65

They appear as colored, often circular patches on tree trunks and rocks.

Answer 65

LICHENS

Question 66

it was thought that a represents a combination of two organisms—an alga (or a cyanobacterium) and a filamentous fungus—living together in such a close relationship that they appear to be one organism.

Answer 66

LICHENS

Question 67

—a relationship in which all parties benefit

Answer 67

mutualism

Question 68

which are found in soil and on rotting logs, have both fungal and protozoal characteristics and have recently been transferred out of the Kingdom Fungi and placed in the Kingdom Protozoa;

Answer 68

SLIME MOULDS