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CNS > Transductance > Flashcards

Transductance Flashcards

1
Q

phototransduction

A

where engery in light waves (photons) stimulate photorecportor cells on the retina
this is whrer light energy is convted electorchemcia reposnse

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2
Q

what is at the base or rods and cones

A

synaptic ternaiom

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3
Q

do rods and cones contain a neucleous

A

yes

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4
Q

what makes up rodes and cones outer segmetn

A

sacks of discs / lamella which have photoreceptors called rhodopsin in rods

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5
Q

what is a a lameella made out of

A

a cell membarne

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6
Q

what makes up the cell membarne of a lamina in rods

A

visual pigment rhodospin =

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7
Q

what makes up the cel membare in cones

A

opsins s, m and l

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8
Q

what are opsin , s, ma and l responsible for

A

short - s
medium- m
l - large wavelenghts

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9
Q

wher eis opsin and retianl found in rhodosoin

A

intergal transmemare helical protin

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10
Q

where is vitamen a found in the eye

A

in the interagl transmemarb helical proin

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11
Q

what type of molcue is vitame a

A

isomere

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12
Q

what caue vitamen a to isomerise

A

light falling on it

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13
Q

what type of vitamen a cannot fit in t th eopsin

A

all trans retincal

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14
Q

what is the opsin

A

part of the interagl transmemabr helicap proin, the inner part, where retial is

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15
Q

what is the normal type of vitamen a in the eye

A

11 cis retinal (branched )

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16
Q

how does the viasl pigment result in phototransducation

A

phototransudion cascaste

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17
Q

what is the role of vit a in the visual pathway

A

visual regnariton

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18
Q

how is vitamen a mainly absobred

A

throug diet

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19
Q

what is the effect of vitamen a diffecty

A

will cause night blindnes, and damge to the normal epithlum

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20
Q

what is the cuase of vit a deficney

A

malnution
malabsip such as coeliac and spruce

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21
Q

signs of vit a dificeny

A

bitots sposts on conjuctivy
cornela ulcation

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22
Q

end stage vit a defecy

A

corneal melating
opopacification of the cornea

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23
Q

what type of cell conects rods to ganglion cell

A

bipolar nerve cell

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24
Q

what color cones are in tehe eye

A

red, green and blue

25
Q

what is retinal

A

a vitamen a derivative

26
Q

what is a rhodopsin made of

A

opsin and retinal

27
Q

bleaching

A

when the retial changrs shape due to movement of light and no longer binds to opsin

28
Q

what is the name of the catin chanesl in rods

A

cyclic nucleotide gated channels

29
Q

what do the cyclic neuclotide grated channels do

A

allow na and ca to enerter
k+ to leak out,
cand voltage gated ca2+ channels

30
Q

what happens to a rod when it is in darkness to cyclic gmp

A

cyclic gmp levls become high

31
Q

what is the noramlm depolaris membaner potenal for rjhodopsin in darkness

A

-40 mv

32
Q

how much neruo transmitter is realed at -40 in rhodpsin

A

there is alot of nurotaimsitor reese

33
Q

how much nuortramiteor is readxed at -70mv

A

very little

34
Q

what is the polarisioan of the cell in light

A

-70mv

35
Q

what is retanl converion

A

where there are multiple rod cells conencted to one bipoalr cell

36
Q

why is retanl conversion required

A

as it reduces the threashold for antion pototenal , in low light

37
Q

low visual aquity

A

hard to see things in low light

38
Q

type of pigment in cone cells

A

iodopsin - this is what gives it ability to sense colour

39
Q

what type of light intentis cuase idropisn to be broken down

A

high light instnein

40
Q

where are cones mainly found

A

in the forvea

41
Q

are rods turned on or off with light

A

off

42
Q

how many sub using tis rhoedopsin made up of

A

7

43
Q

noraml retianl before it is changed

A

7 cis retainal (i.e. it is bent

44
Q

what is the staright retial called

A

all trans retainal

45
Q

what happens t teh rhodopin after the real hcnate shape

A

rhodopsin chanes shape

46
Q

what does transducin do

A

when retianl chanes shape, it break away form rohdopin and joints to pde

47
Q

wat does pde do

A

changes cyclic gmp to regualr gmp

48
Q

what cause soidum change to open in rod cell

A

cyclic gmp, so more cyclic gmp mroe soidum enters cell

49
Q

what happens when light hits on teh soudm chell

A

it decrease due to reduced cyclic gmp and the rods turn off

50
Q

what are the 2 types of bioplar cells

A

light on and light off bipolar cells
light on acitvated by decread decread glutamate dsecion, light on actaved by incerad gluatamt section

51
Q

what is in an rod tip

A

lots of opttic discs

52
Q

are there more rods or cones

A

rods - about 20 times more

53
Q

where are rods mainly found

A

periphally of the eye ball

54
Q

what vitimen is used to transform all trans retinal to 11cis retihnal

A

vitamen a

55
Q

what is done with the bi products of 11cis regneraiton

A

becomes retinly esters used for retianl epithelum

56
Q

name for all trans retinal

A

at rol

57
Q

name for middle step between all trans retail and 11cis retinal

A

11 cis rol

58
Q

name for 11cis retinal

A

11 cis ral

CNS (36 decks)

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