Tissues for Final EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ.
A
tissue
2
Q
what are the four broad categories of tissues
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Muscular tissue
3
Q
what does the ectoderm give rise to
A
the epidermis and nervous system
4
Q
what does the endoderm give rise to
A
mucous membrane lining digestive respiratory tracts
digestive glands
5
Q
what does the mesoderm give rise to
A
cartilage
bone
blood
6
Q
what does the mesoderm become
A
mesenchyme made up of wispy
collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix
7
Q
does the epithelial tissue have blood vessels?
A
np
8
Q
cell surface facing the basement membrane
A
basal surface
9
Q
cell surface that faces away from the basement membrane
A
apical surface
10
Q
what are the functions of the epithelial tissue
A
protect
produce and release secretions
excrete
absorb
filter
sense
11
Q
what are the functions of Simple squamous epithelium
A
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of
substances. Secretes serous fluid.
12
Q
what are the locations of Simple squamous epithelium
A
alveoli
glomeruli
endothelium
serosa
13
Q
what are the functions of Simple cuboidal epithelium
A
Absorption and secretion
mucus production and movement
14
Q
what are the locations of Simple cuboidal epithelium
A
liver
thyroid
mammary
salivary glands
bronchioles
kidney tubules
15
Q
what are the functions of Simple columnar epithelium
A
absorption and secretion specifically of mucus
16
Q
what are the locations of Simple columnar epithelium
A
lining of GI tract
uterus
kidney
uterine tubes
17
Q
what are the functions of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
A
Secretes and propels mucus.
18
Q
what are the locations of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
A
respiratory tract
portions of male urethra
19
Q
where are keratinized tissue found
A
stratified squamous epithelia
20
Q
is most widespread epithelium in the body
A
stratified squamous
21
Q
what are the functions of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
resists abrasion
retards water lose form skin
resists penetration of pathogens
22
Q
what are the locations of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
epidermis
palms and soles
23
Q
what are the functions of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
24
Q
what are the locations of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A
tongue
oral mucosa
esophagus
vagina
25
what are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Secretes sweat
produces sperm and ovarian hormones
26
what are the Locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat gland ducts
salivary glands
ovarian follicles
27
what are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium
aids in protection
28
what are the location of stratified columnar epithelium
Epiglottis
anus
mammary glands
salivary gland ducts
urethra and small areas of the pharynx
29
what are the functions of urothelium transitional epithelium
Allow for expansion without distortion. Allows for filling of urinary tract
30
what are the locations of urothelium transitional epithelium
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
31
what is the function of connective tissue
Supports, connects, and protects organs
32
what connective tissue connects the organs
tendons and ligaments
33
what connective tissue supports
bones and cartilage
34
what connective tissue physically protects
cranium
ribs
sternum
35
Much gel-like ground substance between
cells, fewer fibers
Loose connective tissue
36
types of connective tissue proper (fibrous)
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue
37
types of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Recticular
38
types of dense connective tissue
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
39
Types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage
bone
40
types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
41
types of liquid connective tissue
blood
lymph
42
what are the functions of areolar tissue
Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes
43
what are the location of areolar tissue
Underlies epithelia
in serous membranes
between muscles
passageways for nerves and blood vessels
44
what are the functions of reticular tissue
Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
45
what are the locations of reticular tissue
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow.
46
what is another name fort adipose tissue
fat
47
what are the functions of adipose tissue
Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
48
what are the locations of adipose tissue
Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
49
what are the functions of dense regular connective tissue
Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together
50
what are the location of dense regular connective tissue
Tendons, Ligaments and Aponeurosis.
51
what are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue
Withstands unpredictable stresses from multiple directions
52
what are the locations of dense irregular connective tissue
deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs
53
what are the functions of elastic connective tissue
Allows for expansion and recoil.
54
what are the locations of elastic connective tissue
Elastic arteries and vertebrae
55
what are the functions of hyaline cartilage
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
56
what are the locations of hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage
costal cartilage
trachea
larynx
fetal skeleton
57
what are the functions of elastic cartilage
Provides flexible, elastic support
58
what are the locations of elastic cartilage
external ear and epiglottis
59
what are the functions of fibrocartilage
Resist compression and absorbs shock
60
what are the locations of fibrocartilage
pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs
61
is a supporting connective tissue with a calcified matrix.
bone
62
two types of bone
spongy
and
compact
63
denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces. More complex arrangement with cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones.
compact bone
64
porous appearance. Made up of delicate struts of bone: trabeculae, covered by compact bone. Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum
spongy bone
65
what are the functions of spongy bone
Reduces weight of bone
66
what are the locations of spongy bone
Ends of long bones and middle of flat bones
67
what are the functions of compact bone
Provides support and strength.
68
what are the locations of compact bone
Diaphysis of long bones and outside of flat bones.
69
Fluid connective tissue, transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place. Made up of Plasma (blood’s ground substance) and blood cells
blood
70
electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane
membrane potential
71
In muscle cells, changes in voltage result in what?
contraction, shortening of the cell
72
Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
nervous tissue
73
detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells.
neurons (nerve cells)
74
protect and assist neurons, are the “housekeepers” of nervous system.
Neuroglia (glial cells)
75
houses nucleus and other organelles; controls protein synthesis
Neurosoma (cell body)
76
short, branched processes that receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to the neurosoma
Dendrites
77
sends outgoing signals to other cells.
Axon (nerve fiber)
78
what are the three types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
79
Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation. Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs. Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation. Important source of body heat.
muscular tissues
80
what are the functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles to allow for movement
81
what are the locations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Most skeletal muscles attach to bone
82
what are the functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
involuntary (not under conscious control) contracts to pump blood to the organs of the body.
83
what are the location of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Limited to the heart wall
84
what are the functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue
Involuntary contraction to propel movement through hollow organs.
85
what are the locations of Smooth Muscle Tissue
Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs such as respiratory, digestive, reproductive organs. Propels blood through blood vessels.
86
Types of cellular junctions
-Gap junctions
-Desmosomes
-Hemidesmosomes
-Tight Junctions
87
zipper-like, interlocking linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. Seals off intercellular space, making it difficult for substance to pass between cells.
tight junctions
88
patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap) made up of Hook-like, J-shaped proteins which arise from cytoskeleton. Keeps cells from pulling apart—resists mechanical stress.
desmosome
89
half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an underlying basement membrane. Prevents epithelium from easily peeling away from the underlying tissues
hemidesmosomes
90
are formed by ring-like connexons. Connexon consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled pore which allows Ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells. Located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea.
gap junction
91
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body. Usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule
gland
92
product useful to the body
secretion
93
waste product
excretion
94
what are the two types of glands
exocrine
endocrine
95
found in an epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory. They can be exocrine or endocrine.
Unicellular glands
96
what are the two duct shapes
Simple (unbranched)
Compound (branched)
97
What are the gland shapes
Tubular: narrow secretory portion
Acinar: secretory cells form dilated sac
Tubuloacinar (tubuloalveolar): both tubular and acinar portions
98
what are the Classification of Glands based on Types of Secretions
Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed glands
Cytogenic glands
99
Serous glands
Produce thin, watery secretions
100
Mucous glands
Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
101
Mixed glands
Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions.
102
Cytogenic glands
Releases whole cells for example sperm and ovaries.
103
uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis.
Eccrine (merocrine) secretion
104
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface.
Apocrine secretion
105
cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate. Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances.
holocrine secretion
106
The cell dies as a process of what secretion release
Holocrine secretion
107
may be only epithelial, only connective, or a mix of epithelial, connective, and muscular tissues.
membranes
108
what are the Types of Membranes
1. Cutaneous membrane
2. Serous membrane
3. Synovial membrane
4. Mucous membrane
109
the skin
Cutaneous membrane
110
largest membrane in the body.
Cutaneous membrane
111
what kind of tissue does the skin have?
stratified squamous epithelium
112
lines the articular capsule of synovial joints and secretes the synovial fluid which helps lubricate the joints and reduce friction.
Synovial membrane
113
lines passages that open to the external environment
Mucous membrane
114
what are the functions of the mucous membrane
Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions.
115
what are the functions of the serous membrane
Produces serous fluid that arises from blood.
116
shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number; occurs in normal aging or lack of use
Atrophy
117
what is ground substance
clear gel
118
pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections
necrosis
119
what are the types of necrosis
infarction
gangrene
120
sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
infarction
121
tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually involves infection)
gangrene
122
programmed cell death. Normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way. Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells
Apoptosis
123
what are the types of tissue development
differentiation
metaplasia
124
development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue.
Differentiation
125
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Metaplasia
126
undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function. Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells.
stem cells
127
ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types.
Developmental plasticity
128
types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
129
can develop into any type of cell in the embryo; from cells of inner cell mass of embryo.
pluripotent
130
able to develop into two or more cell lines
multipotent
131
produce only one cell type
unipotent
132
Types of tissue repair
regeneration
fibrosis
133
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before which restores the normal function. Examples: repair of minor skin or liver injuries.
regeneration
134
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue which holds organs together, but does not restore function
fibrosis
135
What are the stages of healing skin wound
Haemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling
136
undifferentiated cells found in mature organs
Adult stem cells
137
potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell; from cells of very early embryo
totipotent
138
development of a tumor
composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.
neoplasia
139
what are the types of tissue growth
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
neoplasia
140
growth through cell multiplication
hyperplasia
141
types of tissue degeneration
atrophy
necrosis
apoptosis
142
enlargement of preexisting cells
Hypertrophy
143
increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells
tissue growth
144
internal membrane lines internal body cavities or organs.
Serous membrane
145
chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
hormones
146
These glands have no ducts instead they secrete their products directly into the blood stream.
endocrine glands
147
Glands that maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
exocrine gland
148
Supporting stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix. Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx. No blood vessels (avascular) depends on diffusion to bring nutrients and remove wastes. Heals slowly because avascular. Matrix rich in GAGs and contains collagen fibers
cartilage
149
what are examples of ground substance
tissue fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)
interstitial fluid
tissue gel
150
extracellular material
matrix
151
what is the matrix composed of
fibrous proteins
ground substance
