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Anatomy and Physiology > Tissues for Final EXAM > Flashcards

Tissues for Final EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ.

A

tissue

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2
Q

what are the four broad categories of tissues

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscular tissue
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3
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise to

A

the epidermis and nervous system

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4
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to

A

mucous membrane lining digestive respiratory tracts
digestive glands

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5
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise to

A

cartilage
bone
blood

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6
Q

what does the mesoderm become

A

mesenchyme made up of wispy
collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix

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7
Q

does the epithelial tissue have blood vessels?

A

np

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8
Q

cell surface facing the basement membrane

A

basal surface

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9
Q

cell surface that faces away from the basement membrane

A

apical surface

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10
Q

what are the functions of the epithelial tissue

A

protect
produce and release secretions
excrete
absorb
filter
sense

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11
Q

what are the functions of Simple squamous epithelium

A

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of
substances. Secretes serous fluid.

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12
Q

what are the locations of Simple squamous epithelium

A

alveoli
glomeruli
endothelium
serosa

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13
Q

what are the functions of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion
mucus production and movement

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14
Q

what are the locations of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

liver
thyroid
mammary
salivary glands
bronchioles
kidney tubules

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15
Q

what are the functions of Simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption and secretion specifically of mucus

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16
Q

what are the locations of Simple columnar epithelium

A

lining of GI tract
uterus
kidney
uterine tubes

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17
Q

what are the functions of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Secretes and propels mucus.

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18
Q

what are the locations of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

respiratory tract
portions of male urethra

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19
Q

where are keratinized tissue found

A

stratified squamous epithelia

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20
Q

is most widespread epithelium in the body

A

stratified squamous

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21
Q

what are the functions of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

resists abrasion
retards water lose form skin
resists penetration of pathogens

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22
Q

what are the locations of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis
palms and soles

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23
Q

what are the functions of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

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24
Q

what are the locations of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

tongue
oral mucosa
esophagus
vagina

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25
Q

what are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretes sweat
produces sperm and ovarian hormones

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26
Q

what are the Locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat gland ducts
salivary glands
ovarian follicles

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27
Q

what are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium

A

aids in protection

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28
Q

what are the location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Epiglottis
anus
mammary glands
salivary gland ducts
urethra and small areas of the pharynx

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29
Q

what are the functions of urothelium transitional epithelium

A

Allow for expansion without distortion. Allows for filling of urinary tract

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30
Q

what are the locations of urothelium transitional epithelium

A

renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder

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31
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

Supports, connects, and protects organs

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32
Q

what connective tissue connects the organs

A

tendons and ligaments

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33
Q

what connective tissue supports

A

bones and cartilage

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34
Q

what connective tissue physically protects

A

cranium
ribs
sternum

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35
Q

Much gel-like ground substance between
cells, fewer fibers

A

Loose connective tissue

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36
Q

types of connective tissue proper (fibrous)

A

loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue

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37
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Recticular

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38
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic

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39
Q

Types of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage
bone

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40
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

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41
Q

types of liquid connective tissue

A

blood
lymph

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42
Q

what are the functions of areolar tissue

A

Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes

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43
Q

what are the location of areolar tissue

A

Underlies epithelia
in serous membranes
between muscles
passageways for nerves and blood vessels

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44
Q

what are the functions of reticular tissue

A

Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs

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45
Q

what are the locations of reticular tissue

A

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow.

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46
Q

what is another name fort adipose tissue

A

fat

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47
Q

what are the functions of adipose tissue

A

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning

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48
Q

what are the locations of adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous fat and organ packing

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49
Q

what are the functions of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments holdbones together

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50
Q

what are the location of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons, Ligaments and Aponeurosis.

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51
Q

what are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Withstands unpredictable stresses from multiple directions

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52
Q

what are the locations of dense irregular connective tissue

A

deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

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53
Q

what are the functions of elastic connective tissue

A

Allows for expansion and recoil.

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54
Q

what are the locations of elastic connective tissue

A

Elastic arteries and vertebrae

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55
Q

what are the functions of hyaline cartilage

A

Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones

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56
Q

what are the locations of hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage
costal cartilage
trachea
larynx
fetal skeleton

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57
Q

what are the functions of elastic cartilage

A

Provides flexible, elastic support

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58
Q

what are the locations of elastic cartilage

A

external ear and epiglottis

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59
Q

what are the functions of fibrocartilage

A

Resist compression and absorbs shock

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60
Q

what are the locations of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs

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61
Q

is a supporting connective tissue with a calcified matrix.

62
Q

two types of bone

A

spongy
and
compact

63
Q

denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces. More complex arrangement with cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones.

A

compact bone

64
Q

porous appearance. Made up of delicate struts of bone: trabeculae, covered by compact bone. Found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum

A

spongy bone

65
Q

what are the functions of spongy bone

A

Reduces weight of bone

66
Q

what are the locations of spongy bone

A

Ends of long bones and middle of flat bones

67
Q

what are the functions of compact bone

A

Provides support and strength.

68
Q

what are the locations of compact bone

A

Diaphysis of long bones and outside of flat bones.

69
Q

Fluid connective tissue, transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place. Made up of Plasma (blood’s ground substance) and blood cells

70
Q

electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane

A

membrane potential

71
Q

In muscle cells, changes in voltage result in what?

A

contraction, shortening of the cell

72
Q

Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

A

nervous tissue

73
Q

detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells.

A

neurons (nerve cells)

74
Q

protect and assist neurons, are the “housekeepers” of nervous system.

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)

75
Q

houses nucleus and other organelles; controls protein synthesis

A

Neurosoma (cell body)

76
Q

short, branched processes that receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to the neurosoma

77
Q

sends outgoing signals to other cells.

A

Axon (nerve fiber)

78
Q

what are the three types of muscles

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

79
Q

Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation. Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs. Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation. Important source of body heat.

A

muscular tissues

80
Q

what are the functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles to allow for movement

81
Q

what are the locations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Most skeletal muscles attach to bone

82
Q

what are the functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

involuntary (not under conscious control) contracts to pump blood to the organs of the body.

83
Q

what are the location of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Limited to the heart wall

84
Q

what are the functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Involuntary contraction to propel movement through hollow organs.

85
Q

what are the locations of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs such as respiratory, digestive, reproductive organs. Propels blood through blood vessels.

86
Q

Types of cellular junctions

A

-Gap junctions
-Desmosomes
-Hemidesmosomes
-Tight Junctions

87
Q

zipper-like, interlocking linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins. Seals off intercellular space, making it difficult for substance to pass between cells.

A

tight junctions

88
Q

patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap) made up of Hook-like, J-shaped proteins which arise from cytoskeleton. Keeps cells from pulling apart—resists mechanical stress.

89
Q

half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an underlying basement membrane. Prevents epithelium from easily peeling away from the underlying tissues

A

hemidesmosomes

90
Q

are formed by ring-like connexons. Connexon consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled pore which allows Ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells. Located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea.

A

gap junction

91
Q

cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body. Usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule

92
Q

product useful to the body

93
Q

waste product

94
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

exocrine
endocrine

95
Q

found in an epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory. They can be exocrine or endocrine.

A

Unicellular glands

96
Q

what are the two duct shapes

A

Simple (unbranched)
Compound (branched)

97
Q

What are the gland shapes

A

Tubular: narrow secretory portion

Acinar: secretory cells form dilated sac

Tubuloacinar (tubuloalveolar): both tubular and acinar portions

98
Q

what are the Classification of Glands based on Types of Secretions

A

Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed glands
Cytogenic glands

99
Q

Serous glands

A

Produce thin, watery secretions

100
Q

Mucous glands

A

Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

101
Q

Mixed glands

A

Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions.

102
Q

Cytogenic glands

A

Releases whole cells for example sperm and ovaries.

103
Q

uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis.

A

Eccrine (merocrine) secretion

104
Q

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface.

A

Apocrine secretion

105
Q

cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate. Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances.

A

holocrine secretion

106
Q

The cell dies as a process of what secretion release

A

Holocrine secretion

107
Q

may be only epithelial, only connective, or a mix of epithelial, connective, and muscular tissues.

108
Q

what are the Types of Membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane
  2. Serous membrane
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Mucous membrane
109
Q

the skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

110
Q

largest membrane in the body.

A

Cutaneous membrane

111
Q

what kind of tissue does the skin have?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

112
Q

lines the articular capsule of synovial joints and secretes the synovial fluid which helps lubricate the joints and reduce friction.

A

Synovial membrane

113
Q

lines passages that open to the external environment

A

Mucous membrane

114
Q

what are the functions of the mucous membrane

A

Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions.

115
Q

what are the functions of the serous membrane

A

Produces serous fluid that arises from blood.

116
Q

shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number; occurs in normal aging or lack of use

117
Q

what is ground substance

118
Q

pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections

119
Q

what are the types of necrosis

A

infarction
gangrene

120
Q

sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

A

infarction

121
Q

tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually involves infection)

122
Q

programmed cell death. Normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way. Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells

123
Q

what are the types of tissue development

A

differentiation
metaplasia

124
Q

development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue.

A

Differentiation

125
Q

Changing from one type of mature tissue to another

A

Metaplasia

126
Q

undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function. Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells.

A

stem cells

127
Q

ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types.

A

Developmental plasticity

128
Q

types of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells

129
Q

can develop into any type of cell in the embryo; from cells of inner cell mass of embryo.

A

pluripotent

130
Q

able to develop into two or more cell lines

A

multipotent

131
Q

produce only one cell type

132
Q

Types of tissue repair

A

regeneration
fibrosis

133
Q

replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before which restores the normal function. Examples: repair of minor skin or liver injuries.

A

regeneration

134
Q

replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue which holds organs together, but does not restore function

135
Q

What are the stages of healing skin wound

A

Haemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

136
Q

undifferentiated cells found in mature organs

A

Adult stem cells

137
Q

potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell; from cells of very early embryo

A

totipotent

138
Q

development of a tumor
composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.

139
Q

what are the types of tissue growth

A

hyperplasia
hypertrophy
neoplasia

140
Q

growth through cell multiplication

A

hyperplasia

141
Q

types of tissue degeneration

A

atrophy
necrosis
apoptosis

142
Q

enlargement of preexisting cells

A

Hypertrophy

143
Q

increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells

A

tissue growth

144
Q

internal membrane lines internal body cavities or organs.

A

Serous membrane

145
Q

chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body

146
Q

These glands have no ducts instead they secrete their products directly into the blood stream.

A

endocrine glands

147
Q

Glands that maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct

A

exocrine gland

148
Q

Supporting stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix. Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx. No blood vessels (avascular) depends on diffusion to bring nutrients and remove wastes. Heals slowly because avascular. Matrix rich in GAGs and contains collagen fibers

149
Q

what are examples of ground substance

A

tissue fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)
interstitial fluid
tissue gel

150
Q

extracellular material

151
Q

what is the matrix composed of

A

fibrous proteins
ground substance

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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