Brain and Cranial Nerves for Final EXAM Flashcards
Four major portions of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
largest part of hindbrain
Cerebellum
second largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
what is apart of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus.
- “Gateway to the cerebral cortex”
Thalamus
screens out most of the information it receives and des not pass it along to the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
what does the thalamus play a major role in?
Plays key role in motor control. Relays signals from cerebellum to cerebrum and provides feedback loops between the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei.
Involved in memory and emotion because the limbic system includes some of the anterior thalamic nuclei.
Thalamus
is a major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
what does the Hypothalamus play a role in
Plays an essential role in homeostatic regulation of all body systems.
Functions of hypothalamus
Hormone secretion
Autonomic effects
Thermoregulation
Food and water intake
Sleep and circadian rhythms
Memory
Emotional behavior
Anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, contentment, sexual drive
connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain
Epithalamus (Pineal Gland)
Parts of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
the smallest portion of the brainstem
Midbrain
between the pons and diencephalon
Midbrain
the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
Pons
forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs.
Medulla Oblongata
what comes from the forebrain
-Telencephalon
-Diencephalon
what comes from the midbrain
-Mesencephalon
what comes from the hindbrain
-Metencephalon
-Myelencephalon
Meninges layers from outermost (superficial) to innermost (deep)
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
ventricles and flow of cerebrospinal fluid
what is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid
assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal
what are the factors that play a role in establishing and maintaining the blood brain barrier
Anything leaving the blood must pass through the cells and not the gaps between them and endothelial cells can be selective (unlike simple gaps) excluding harmful substances, while allowing necessary ones to pass through to brain tissue.
function of the blood brain barrier
what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain to prevent pathogens from entering the brain.
function of the reticular formation
Somatic motor control
Gaze centers
Central pattern generators
Cardiovascular control
Pain modulation
Sleep and consciousness
Habituation
function of cerebellum
coordinating movement and balance
function of the thalamus
Plays key role in motor control
They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix.
mammillary nuclei
function of the pineal gland
to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information by the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin
is the largest, most conspicuous part of human brain
cerebrum
function of the cerebrum
sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions
parts of cerebrum
-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe
-Occipital lobe
-Temporal lobe
-Insula
function of Frontal lobe
Voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.
function of Parietal lobe
Integrates general senses, taste, and some visual information.
function of Occipital lobe
Primary visual center of brain.
function of Temporal lobe
Functions in hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and
emotion
function of Insula
Helps in understanding spoken language, taste and integrating information from visceral receptors
name the tracts of the cerebral white matter
-Association tracts
-Commissural tracts
-Projection tracts
Connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere. Long fibers connect different lobes; short fibers connect gyri within a lobe.
Association tracts
Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other allowing communication between two sides of cerebrum
Commissural tracts
Extend vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers
Projection tracts
two principal types of neurons found in the cerebral cortex
Stellate cells
Pyramidal cells
Spheroid somas with dendrites projecting in all directions.
Receive sensory input, process information locally.
Stellate cells
Tall and conical, with apex toward the brain surface. A thick dendrite with many branches with small, knobby dendritic spines. Include the output neurons of the cerebrum which are axons that leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS.
Pyramidal cells
what is the function of the basal nuclei and brain centers
helping to control:
Onset and cessation of intentional movements
Repetitive hip and shoulder movements in walking
Highly practiced, learned behaviors such as writing, typing, driving a car
what are the limbic system components
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
function of limbic system
to process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning
[Gratification and Aversion]
function of Cingulate gyrus
helps regulate emotions and pain
function of Hippocampus
important limbic system area for memory
Functions in memory consolidation
organizes cognitive information into a unified long-term memory but does not hold the memory itself.
function of Amygdala
contains emotional memory
function of the Primary sensory (somesthetic) cortex
Provides awareness of stimulus.
function of Sensory (somesthetic) association area
Makes cognitive sense of stimulus.
function of the Primary visual cortex
to receive, segment, and integrate visual information
function of Visual association area
deals with recognizing faces and familiar objects
function of Primary auditory cortex
processes auditory information
function of Auditory association area
Recognizes spoken words, a familiar piece of music, or a voice on the phone
function of Primary gustatory cortex
responsible for the perception of taste
function of Primary olfactory cortex
is involved with the learning and memory of odors, and encodes representations of odor quality, identity, familiarity, and hedonics.
function of Primary motor cortex
generate signals to direct the movement of the body
function of Motor association (premotor) area
involved in the selection of appropriate motor plans for voluntary movements
what are the two language areas
Wernicke area
Broca area
a language deficit from lesions to hemisphere with Wernicke and Broca areas
Aphasia
Slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word
Non fluent (Broca) aphasia
- Speech normal and excessive, but uses
senseless jargon - Cannot comprehend written and spoken
words
Fluent (Wernicke) Aphasia
Can speak and understand speech, cannot identify written words or pictures
Anomic aphasia
which cranial nerves are sensory
I, II, and VIII
which cranial nerves are motor
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
which cranial nerves are mixed
V, VII, IX, and X
Cranial nerve I
The Olfactory Nerve (I)
function: (Sensory) Sense of smell
Cranial nerve II
The Optic Nerve (II)
function:
(Senory): Provides vision
Cranial nerve III
The Oculomotor Nerve (III)
function: Motor: Controls muscles that turn the eyeball up, down, and medially, as
well as controlling the iris, lens, and upper eyelid
Cranial nerve IV
The Trochlear Nerve
function: Motor: Eye movement
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal Nerve
function: Motor: Muscles of Mastication
Cranial nerve VI
The Abducens Nerve (VI)
function: Motor: Provides eye movement (lateral rectus m.)
Cranial nerve VII
The Facial Nerve (VII)
function:
- Motor—major motor nerve of facial muscles: facial expressions; salivary glands and tear, nasal, and palatine glands
- Sensory—taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue
Cranial nerve VIII
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
function: Sensory: Nerve of hearing and equilibrium
Cranial nerve IX
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
function: Swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration
Cranial nerve X
The Vagus Nerve (X)
function: Major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function
Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera
Cranial nerve XI
The Accessory Nerve (XI)
Motor: Swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movement
Cranial nerve XII
The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
functions: Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, and
swallowing
