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Anatomy and Physiology > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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2
Q

thick folds on brain surface

A

Gyri

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3
Q

shallow grooves between gyri

A

Sulci

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4
Q

thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

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5
Q

surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum that contains cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses.

A

Gray matter

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6
Q

Called “tracts” in the CNS, “nerves” in the PNS. Made up of bundles axons

A

White matter

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7
Q

Four major portions of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem

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8
Q

largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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9
Q

largest part of hindbrain

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

second largest part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

what is apart of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus.

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12
Q
  • “Gateway to the cerebral cortex”
A

Thalamus

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13
Q

screens out most of the information it receives and des not pass it along to the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

what does the thalamus play a major role in?

A

Plays key role in motor control. Relays signals from cerebellum to cerebrum and provides feedback loops between the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei.

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15
Q

Involved in memory and emotion because the limbic system includes some of the anterior thalamic nuclei.

A

Thalamus

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16
Q

is a major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

what does the Hypothalamus play a role in

A

Plays an essential role in homeostatic regulation of all body systems.

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18
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A

Hormone secretion
Autonomic effects
Thermoregulation
Food and water intake
Sleep and circadian rhythms
Memory
Emotional behavior
Anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, contentment, sexual drive

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19
Q

connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain

A

Epithalamus

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20
Q

what makes up the Epithalamus

A

Habernula
Pineal Gland

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21
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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22
Q

the smallest portion of the brainstem

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

between the pons and diencephalon

A

Midbrain

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24
Q

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

A

Pons

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25
Q

forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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26
Q

what embryonic development of the nervous tissue is found in the third week

A

Neuroectoderm
Neural Plate
Neural Groove
Neural folds

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27
Q

what happens in the third week of development

A

Dorsal midline of embryo thickens to form neural plate

Neural plate sinks and its edges thicken and forms neural groove with a raised
neural fold on each side.

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28
Q

what embryonic development of the nervous tissue is found in the fourth week

A

Neural tube
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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29
Q

what embryonic development of the nervous tissue is found in the fifth week

A

Forebrain
-Telencephalon
-Diencephalon

Midbrain
-Mesencephalon

Hindbrain
-Metencephalon
-Myelencephalon

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30
Q

Meninges layers from outermost (superficial) to innermost (deep)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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31
Q

Transparent membrane over brain surface

separates pia mater below

A

Arachnoid Mater

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32
Q

presses closely against cranial bones

Not directly attached to bone except around foramen magnum, sella turcica, crista galli, and sutures of the skull

A

Dura Mater

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33
Q

Very thin membrane, not usually visible without microscope

Follows arteries as they penetrate into cerebrum

A

Pia Mater

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34
Q

ventricles and flow of cerebrospinal fluid

A
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35
Q

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

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36
Q

type of neuroglia that lines ventricles and covers choroid plexus

A

ependyma

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37
Q

what is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid

A

assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal

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38
Q

what are the factors that play a role in establishing and maintaining the blood brain barrier

A

Anything leaving the blood must pass through the cells and not the gaps between them and endothelial cells can be selective (unlike simple gaps) excluding harmful substances, while allowing necessary ones to pass through to brain tissue.

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39
Q

function of the blood brain barrier

A

what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain to prevent pathogens from entering the brain.

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40
Q

where the barrier is absent allows blood direct access to the brain and enables the brain to monitor and respond to fluctuations in blood glucose, pH, osmolarity, and other variables.

A

circumventricular organs

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41
Q

where are circumventricular organs found?

A

places in the third and fourth ventricles

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42
Q

function of the reticular formation

A

Somatic motor control
Gaze centers
Central pattern generators
Cardiovascular control
Pain modulation
Sleep and consciousness
Habituation

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43
Q

function of the thalamus

A

Plays key role in motor control

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44
Q

They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix.

A

mammillary nuclei

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45
Q

function of the pineal gland

A

to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information by the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin

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46
Q

is the largest, most conspicuous part of human brain

A

cerebrum

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47
Q

function of the cerebrum

A

sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions

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48
Q

parts of cerebrum

A

-Frontal lobe
-Parietal lobe
-Occipital lobe
-Temporal lobe
-Insula

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49
Q

function of Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.

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50
Q

function of Parietal lobe

A

Integrates general senses, taste, and some visual information.

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51
Q

function of Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual center of brain.

52
Q

function of Temporal lobe

A

Functions in hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and
emotion

53
Q

function of Insula

A

Helps in understanding spoken language, taste and integrating information from visceral receptors

54
Q

name the tracts of the cerebral white matter

A

-Association tracts
-Commissural tracts
-Projection tracts

55
Q

Connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere. Long fibers connect different lobes; short fibers connect gyri within a lobe.

A

Association tracts

56
Q

Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other allowing communication between two sides of cerebrum

A

Commissural tracts

57
Q

Extend vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers

A

Projection tracts

58
Q

two principal types of neurons found in the cerebral cortex

A

Stellate cells
Pyramidal cells

59
Q

Spheroid somas with dendrites projecting in all directions.

Receive sensory input, process information locally.

A

Stellate cells

60
Q

Tall and conical, with apex toward the brain surface. A thick dendrite with many branches with small, knobby dendritic spines. Include the output neurons of the cerebrum which are axons that leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS.

A

Pyramidal cells

61
Q

what is the function of the basal nuclei and brain centers

A

helping to control:

Onset and cessation of intentional movements

Repetitive hip and shoulder movements in walking

Highly practiced, learned behaviors such as writing, typing, driving a car

62
Q

what are the three brain centers that form the basal nuclei?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
63
Q

what are the three brain centers that form the basal nuclei called collectively

A

corpus striatum

64
Q

what are the putamen and globus pallidus together called

A

Lentiform nucleus

65
Q

function of Caudate Nucleus

A

planning the execution of movement, but also in learning, memory, reward, motivation, emotion, and romantic interaction.

66
Q

function of Putamen

A

learning and motor control, including speech articulation, language functions, reward, cognitive functioning, and addiction.

67
Q

function of Globus Pallidus

A

control conscious and proprioceptive movements

68
Q

function of Lentiform nucleus

A

working memory, executive function, reward, and learning

69
Q

function of Corpus Striatum

A

reward and reinforcement circuit of the brain

70
Q

what are the limbic system components

A

Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

71
Q

function of limbic system

A

to process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning

[Gratification and Aversion]

72
Q

function of Cingulate gyrus

A

helps regulate emotions and pain

73
Q

function of Hippocampus

A

important limbic system area for memory

Functions in memory consolidation

organizes cognitive information into a unified long-term memory but does not hold the memory itself.

74
Q

function of Amygdala

A

contains emotional memory

75
Q

name the waves of the electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

-Alpha waves
-Beta waves
-Theta waves
-Delta waves

76
Q
  • Awake and resting with eyes closed and
    mind wandering
  • Suppressed when eyes open or
    performing a mental task.
A

Alpha waves

77
Q

Eyes open and performing mental
tasks.

Accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation.

A

Beta waves

78
Q

Drowsy or sleeping adults

If awake and under emotional stress.

A

Theta waves

79
Q

High amplitude observed during deep sleepin adults.

A

Delta waves

80
Q

temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated

A

sleep

81
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

Lasts 1 to 7 minutes. The individual feels drowsy, closes eyes, begins to relax but awakens easily if stimulated. EEG transitions: alpha waves to waves of mixed frequency.

82
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Lasts 10 to 25 minutes in the initial sleep cycle. Light sleep, EEG frequency decreases but amplitude increases. 1 or 2 seconds of sleep spindles (high spikes) due to interactions between thalamus and cerebral cortex.

83
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

Typically begins about 20 minutes after Stage 1. Moderate to deep sleep, muscles relax, vital signs fall. Theta and delta EEG waves appear.

84
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A

Usually occurs only in the first one-third of the night. Muscles very relaxed, vitals very low, difficult to awaken. EEG dominated by low- frequency, high-amplitude delta EEG waves (slow wave sleep).

85
Q

Rapid eye movement sleep (paradoxical sleep)

A

Occurs about five times a night. Sleeper backtracks from Stage 3 or 4 to Stage 2

  • Eyes oscillate back and forth
  • Sleeper is harder to arouse than during any other stage
  • Vivid and long dreams
  • Sleep paralysis is stronger, preventing dreams from being acted out
  • Parasympathetic activation causes penile/clitoral erection and constriction of pupils
86
Q

function of the prefrontal cortex

A

seat of judgment, intent, and control over expression of emotions

87
Q

function of the Primary sensory (somesthetic) cortex

A

Provides awareness of stimulus.

88
Q

function of Sensory (somesthetic) association area

A

Makes cognitive sense of stimulus.

89
Q

function of the Primary visual cortex

A

to receive, segment, and integrate visual information

90
Q

function of Visual association area

A

deals with recognizing faces and familiar objects

91
Q

function of Primary auditory cortex

A

processes auditory information

92
Q

function of Auditory association area

A

Recognizes spoken words, a familiar piece of music, or a voice on the phone

93
Q

function of Primary gustatory cortex

A

responsible for the perception of taste

94
Q

function of Primary olfactory cortex

A

is involved with the learning and memory of odors, and encodes representations of odor quality, identity, familiarity, and hedonics.

95
Q

function of Primary motor cortex

A

generate signals to direct the movement of the body

96
Q

function of Motor association (premotor) area

A

involved in the selection of appropriate motor plans for voluntary movements

97
Q

Diagram of sensory inputs to the primary somesthetic cortex in parietal lobe. Resembles upside-down sensory map of contralateral side of the body.

A

sensory homunculus

98
Q

has a distorted look because the amount of cortex devoted to a given body region is proportional to the number of muscles and motor units in that body region (not body region size)

A

motor homunculus

99
Q

first-order neurons which are responsible for carrying the electrical impulses that initiate and modulate movement.

A

upper motor neuron

100
Q

responsible for transmitting the signal from the upper motor neuron to the effector muscle to perform a movement

A

lower motor neuron

101
Q

what are the two language areas

A

Wernicke area
Broca area

102
Q

a language deficit from lesions to hemisphere with Wernicke and Broca areas

A

Aphasia

103
Q

Slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word

A

Non fluent (Broca) aphasia

104
Q
  • Speech normal and excessive, but uses
    senseless jargon
  • Cannot comprehend written and spoken
    words
A

Fluent (Wernicke) Aphasia

105
Q

Can speak and understand speech, cannot identify written words or pictures

A

Anomic aphasia

106
Q

usually the categorical hemisphere

  • Specialized for spoken and written
    language
  • Sequential and analytical reasoning (math
    and science)
  • Breaks information into fragments and
    analyzes it
A

Left hemisphere

107
Q

usually the representational hemisphere

  • Perceives information in a more
    integrated way
  • Seat of imagination and insight
  • Musical and artistic skill
  • Perception of patterns and spatial
    relationships
  • Comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and taste
A

Right hemisphere

108
Q

which cranial nerves are sensory

A

I, II, and VIII

109
Q

which cranial nerves are motor

A

III, IV, VI, XI, and XII

110
Q

which cranial nerves are mixed

A

V, VII, IX, and X

111
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

The Olfactory Nerve (I)

function: (Sensory) Sense of smell

112
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

The Optic Nerve (II)

function:
(Senory): Provides vision

113
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

The Oculomotor Nerve (III)

function: Motor: Controls muscles that turn the eyeball up, down, and medially, as
well as controlling the iris, lens, and upper eyelid

114
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

The Trochlear Nerve

function: Motor: Eye movement

115
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal Nerve

function: Motor: Muscles of Mastication

116
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

The Abducens Nerve (VI)

function: Motor: Provides eye movement (lateral rectus m.)

117
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

The Facial Nerve (VII)

function:

  • Motor—major motor nerve of facial muscles: facial expressions; salivary glands and tear, nasal, and palatine glands
  • Sensory—taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue
118
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve

function: Sensory: Nerve of hearing and equilibrium

119
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve

function: Swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration

120
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

The Vagus Nerve (X)

function: Major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function

Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera

121
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

The Accessory Nerve (XI)

Motor: Swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movement

122
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

functions: Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, and
swallowing

123
Q

causes, symptoms and diagnosis of meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges due to bacterial or viral invasion of CNS through nose and throat. Pia mater and arachnoid are most often affected. It can cause swelling of the brain, enlargment of the ventricles, and hemorrhage.

Signs: include high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache

Diagnosed: by examining CSF obtained by lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

124
Q

causes, symptoms and diagnosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in trigeminal nerve area (near mouth or nose)

Pain triggered by touch, drinking, washing face

Treatment may require cutting nerve

125
Q

causes, symptoms and diagnosis of Bell Palsy

A
  • Degenerative disorder of facial nerve causes paralysis of facial
    muscles on one side
  • May appear abruptly with full recovery within 3 to 5 weeks

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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