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Anatomy and Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System for Final EXAM > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System for Final EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

function of autonomic nervous system

A

motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division

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3
Q

function of Parasympathetic division

A

Calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance; Digestion and waste elimination

“resting and digesting”

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4
Q

function of Sympathetic division

A

Prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear; Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc.; reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract.

“fight or flight”

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5
Q

normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the two systems according to the body’s needs

A

autonomic tone

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6
Q

Must cross a synapse where the two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion

A

autonomic pathway

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7
Q

Where is the Preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron located

A

the first neuron has a neurosoma in the brainstem or spinal cord

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8
Q

Where is the Postganglionic (postsynaptic) neuron located

A

neuron whose axon extends the rest of the way to the target cell

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9
Q

length of Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

relatively short

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10
Q

length of Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

relatively long

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters of Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters of preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

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13
Q

length of Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

long

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14
Q

length of Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

short

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters of Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

normally: Epinephrine (NO)
sometimes: Norepinephrine (NE) or Acetylcholine (ACh)

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters of Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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17
Q

receptors of postganglionic neuron

A

nicotinic receptor

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18
Q

explain the receptors of a parasympathetic fiber

A

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases ACh and connects to the target cell’s muscarinic receptor

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19
Q

types of sympathetic fibers

A

sympathetic adrenergic fiber
sympathetic cholinergic fiber

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20
Q

explain the receptors of a sympathetic adrenergic fiber

A

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases NE and connects to the target cell’s adrenergic receptor

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21
Q

explain the receptors of a sympathetic cholinergic fiber

A

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases ACh and connects to the target cell’s muscarinic receptor

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22
Q

Nerve fibers leave the sympathetic chain by three routes

A
  • Spinal nerve route
  • Sympathetic nerve route
  • Splanchnic nerves
23
Q

postganglionic fibers exit a ganglion by way of the gray ramus

Return to the spinal nerve and travel the rest of the way to the target organ

A

Spinal nerve route

24
Q

nerves leave by way of sympathetic nerves that extend to the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thoracic blood vessels.

A

Sympathetic nerve route

25
Q

fibers that arise from spinal nerves T5 to T12 pass through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing continue on as the splanchnic nerves.

A

Splanchnic nerves

26
Q

Nerve fibers of the Parasympathetic division

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
Pelvic nerves

27
Q

CN III

A

Occulomotor nerve (III)
* Narrows pupil and focuses lens

28
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve (VII)
* Tear,nasal,andsalivaryglands

29
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
* Parotid salivary gland

30
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve (X)

  • Viscera as far as proximal half of colon
  • Cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses that give off anterior and posterior vagal trunks
31
Q

three major collateral ganglia in this plexus

A
  • Celiac,
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
32
Q

functions of the adrenal glands

A

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions

33
Q

Secretes steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

34
Q

Essentially a sympathetic ganglion consisting of modified postganglionic neurons (without fibers)

A

Adrenal Medulla

35
Q

function of enteric nervous system

A

the nervous system of the digestive tract

36
Q

effects of Acetylcholine

A

is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

37
Q

can be excitatory or inhibitory Found in all cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells

A

effects of Muscarinic receptors

38
Q

Excitatory when ACh binding occurs. Found on all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle.

A

effects of Nicotinic receptors

39
Q

is secreted by nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons called adrenergic fibers

A

effects of Norepinephrine

40
Q

Receptors for Norepinephrine

A

adrenergic receptors

41
Q

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Usually excitatory

42
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors

A

Usually inhibitory

43
Q

most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

A

dual innervation

44
Q

oppose each other

A

Antagonistic effect

45
Q

two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified
overall effect

A

Cooperative effect

46
Q

Parasympathetic exerts more influence on what organs?

A

digestive organs

47
Q

Sympathetic has greater effect on what organs?

A

ventricular muscle of heart

48
Q

Some effectors receive only sympathetic fibers and no parasympathetic fibers

A

control without dual innervation

49
Q

effects of sympathomimetics and an example

A

enhance sympathetic activity. Stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine release.

albuterol or nasal decongestant

50
Q

effects of sympatholytics and an example

A

suppress sympathetic activity. Block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release

beta-blockers

51
Q

effects of parasympathomimetics and an example

A

enhance activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

sleeping pills

52
Q

effects of parasympatholytics and an example

A

suppress activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Caffeine

53
Q

effects of caffeine and an example

A

competes with adenosine (the presence of which causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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