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Anatomy and Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ.

A

tissue

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2
Q

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types.

A

organ

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3
Q

what are the four broad categories of tissues

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscular tissue
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4
Q

how do the categories of tissues differ from each other

A
  • Types and functions of their cells
  • Characteristics of the matrix
  • Relative amount of space occupied by
    cells versus matrix
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5
Q

extracellular material

A

matrix

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6
Q

what is the matrix composed of

A

fibrous proteins
ground substance

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7
Q

what is ground substance

A

clear gel

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8
Q

what are examples of ground substance

A

tissue fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)
interstitial fluid
tissue gel

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9
Q

what are the three primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

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10
Q

A fertilized egg becomes an embryo with layers

A

embryonic tissues

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11
Q

what is the outer layer

A

ectoderm

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12
Q

what is the middle layer

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

what is the inner layer

A

endoderm

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14
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise to

A

the epidermis and nervous system

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15
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to

A

mucous membrane lining digestive respiratory tracts
digestive glands

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16
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise to

A

cartilage
bone
blood

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17
Q

what does the mesoderm become

A

mesenchyme made up of wispy
collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix

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18
Q

Tissue cut on its long axis

A

Longitudinal section (l.s.)

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19
Q

Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of
organ

A

Cross section (c.s. or x.s.)
or
transverse section (t.s.)

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20
Q

Tissue cut at angle between cross and
longitudinal sections

A

Oblique section

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21
Q

tissue is rubbed across a slide

A

smear

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22
Q

some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide

A

spread

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23
Q

does not have blood vessels

A

avascular

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24
Q

does the epithelial tissue have blood vessels?

A

np

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25
Q

layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue

A

basement membrane

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26
Q

what does the basement membrane do

A

Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it

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27
Q

what are the three surfaces of the Epithelial Tissue

A

basal surface
apical surface
lateral surface

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28
Q

cell surface between the basal and apical
surface, “sidewall”

A

Lateral Surface

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29
Q

cell surface facing the basement membrane

A

basal surface

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30
Q

cell surface that faces away from the basement membrane

A

apical surface

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31
Q

what are the functions of the epithelial tissue

A

protect
produce and release secretions
excrete
absorb
filter
sense

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32
Q

how is epithelial tissue classified

A
  1. Layers of cells
  2. Shape of cells
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33
Q

Contain one layer of cells with all cells touching the basement membrane.

A

Simple epithelia

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34
Q

Contain more than one layer with some cells resting on top of others and do not all touch basement membrane.

A

Stratified epithelia

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35
Q

Flat of squished cells with nucleus that are wider than they are long

A

squamous

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36
Q

Square or cube shaped cells with nucleus that are round or circle in shape

A

Cuboidal

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37
Q

Rectangle or column shaped cells with nucleus that are longer than they are wide.

A

Columnar

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38
Q

falsely appears stratified, as some cells
taller than others. Every cell reaches the basement membrane (but not all cells reach the free surface).

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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39
Q

wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia.

A

goblet cells

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40
Q

what are the functions of Simple squamous epithelium

A

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of
substances. Secretes serous fluid.

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41
Q

what are the locations of Simple squamous epithelium

A

alveoli
glomeruli
endothelium
serosa

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42
Q

what are the functions of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion
mucus production and movement

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43
Q

what are the locations of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

liver
thyroid
mammary
salivary glands
bronchioles
kidney tubules

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44
Q

what are the functions of Simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption and secretion specifically of mucus

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45
Q

what are the locations of Simple columnar epithelium

A

lining of GI tract
uterus
kidney
uterine tubes

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46
Q

what are the functions of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Secretes and propels mucus.

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47
Q

what are the locations of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

respiratory tract
portions of male urethra

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48
Q

where are keratinized tissue found

A

stratified squamous epithelia

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49
Q

is most widespread epithelium in the body

A

stratified squamous

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50
Q

what are the functions of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

resists abrasion
retards water lose form skin
resists penetration of pathogens

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51
Q

what are the locations of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

epidermis
palms and soles

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52
Q

what are the functions of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

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53
Q

what are the locations of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

tongue
oral mucosa
esophagus
vagina

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54
Q

what are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretes sweat
produces sperm and ovarian hormones

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55
Q

what are the Locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat gland ducts
salivary glands
ovarian follicles

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56
Q

what are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium

A

aids in protection

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57
Q

what are the location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Epiglottis
anus
mammary glands
salivary gland ducts
urethra and small areas of the pharynx

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58
Q

what are the functions of urothelium transitional epithelium

A

Allow for expansion without distortion. Allows for filling of urinary tract

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59
Q

what are the locations of urothelium transitional epithelium

A

renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder

60
Q

a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix. Most cells are not in direct contact with each other.

A

Connective tissue

61
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

Supports, connects, and protects organs

62
Q

what connective tissue connects the organs

A

tendons and ligaments

63
Q

what connective tissue supports

A

bones and cartilage

64
Q

what connective tissue physically protects

A

cranium
ribs
sternum

65
Q

what connective tissue immune protects

A

white blood cells

66
Q

what connective tissue move

67
Q

what connective tissue store

A

fat
calcium
phosphorus

68
Q

what connective tissue does heat production

69
Q

what connective tissue transports

70
Q

Cells of fibrous connective tissue

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
Leukocytes
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocyted

71
Q

produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

A

fibroblasts

72
Q

arise from monocytes; phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter

A

Macrophages

73
Q

Neutrophils attack bacteria.
Lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents

A

Leukocytes, or white blood cells

74
Q

arise from lymphocytes and synthesize antibodies (proteins)

A

Plasma cells

75
Q

secrete heparin to inhibit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels

A

Mast cells

76
Q

store triglycerides (fat molecules)

A

Adipocytes

77
Q

Collagen is most abundant of the
body’s proteins(~25%). Tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant. Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin
are mostly collagen; it is less visible in the matrix of cartilage and bone

A

collagenous fibers

78
Q

Thin collagen fibers coated with
glycoprotein. Form framework of lymphatic organs such as the spleen and lymph node

A

Reticular fibers

79
Q

Thinner than collagenous fibers, made of
protein elastin. Allows stretch and recoil.

A

Elastic fibers

80
Q

Long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars and uronic acid.

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

81
Q

Gigantic molecules shaped like
bottle brushes. Form gravy-like colloids that hold tissues together.

A

proteoglycans

82
Q

Protein–carbohydrate complexes. Bind components of a tissue

A

Adhesive glycoproteins

83
Q

connective tissue not in adults

A

Embryonic connective tissues

84
Q

embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

85
Q

Loose embryonic connective tissue

A

Mucous connective tissue

86
Q

Much gel-like ground substance between
cells, fewer fibers

A

Loose connective tissue

87
Q

main types of connective tissues

A

connective tissue proper (fibrous)
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue

88
Q

types of connective tissue proper (fibrous)

A

loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue

89
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Recticular

90
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic

91
Q

Types of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage
bone

92
Q

types of bone

A

compact
spongy

93
Q

types of liquid connective tissue

A

blood
lymph

94
Q

Much gel-like ground substance between
cells, fewer fibers

A

loose connective tissue

95
Q

Fibers fill spaces between cells. Types vary in fiber orientation. More fibers and less ground substance

A

Dense connective tissue

96
Q

what are the functions of areolar tissue

A

Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes

97
Q

what are the location of areolar tissue

A

Underlies epithelia
in serous membranes
between muscles
passageways for nerves and blood vessels

98
Q

what are the functions of reticular tissue

A

Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs

99
Q

what are the locations of reticular tissue

A

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow.

100
Q

what is another name fort adipose tissue

101
Q

what are the functions of adipose tissue

A

Energy storage, insulation, cushioning

102
Q

what are the locations of adipose tissue

A

Subcutaneous fat and organ packing

103
Q

what are the functions of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments holdbones together

104
Q

what are the location of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons, Ligaments and Aponeurosis.

105
Q

what are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Withstands unpredictable stresses from multiple directions

106
Q

what are the locations of dense irregular connective tissue

A

deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

107
Q

what are the functions of elastic connective tissue

A

Allows for expansion and recoil.

108
Q

what are the locations of elastic connective tissue

A

Elastic arteries and vertebrae

109
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

110
Q

what are the functions of hyaline cartilage

A

Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones

111
Q

what are the locations of hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage
costal cartilage
trachea
larynx
fetal skeleton

112
Q

what are the functions of elastic cartilage

A

Provides flexible, elastic support

113
Q

what are the locations of elastic cartilage

A

external ear and epiglottis

114
Q

what are the functions of fibrocartilage

A

Resist compression and absorbs shock

115
Q

what are the locations of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs

116
Q

is a supporting connective tissue with a calcified matrix.

117
Q

what are the functions of compact bone

A

Provides support and strength.

118
Q

what are the locations of compact bone

A

Diaphysis of long bones and outside of flat bones.

119
Q

Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

A

nervous tissue

120
Q

what are the three types of muscles

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

121
Q

what are the functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles to allow for movement

122
Q

what are the locations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Most skeletal muscles attach to bone

123
Q

what are the functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

involuntary (not under conscious control) contracts to pump blood to the organs of the body.

124
Q

what are the location of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Limited to the heart wall

125
Q

what are the functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Involuntary contraction to propel movement through hollow organs.

126
Q

what are the locations of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs such as respiratory, digestive, reproductive organs. Propels blood through blood vessels.

127
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

exocrine
endocrine

128
Q

Glands that maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct

A

exocrine gland

129
Q

These glands have no ducts instead they secrete their products directly into the blood stream.

A

endocrine glands

130
Q

what are the Classification of Glands based on Types of Secretions

A

Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed glands
Cytogenic glands

131
Q

Produce thin, watery secretions

A

Serous glands

132
Q

Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

A

Mucous glands

133
Q

Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions.

A

Mixed glands

134
Q

Releases whole cells for example sperm and ovaries.

A

Cytogenic glands

135
Q

uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis.

A

Eccrine (merocrine) secretion

136
Q

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface.

A

Apocrine secretion

137
Q

cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate. Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances.

A

holocrine secretion

138
Q

what are the Types of Membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane
  2. Serous membrane
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Mucous membrane
139
Q

function of the Cutaneous membrane

A

protection

140
Q

what are the functions of the Synovial membrane

A

lines internal body cavities or organs.

141
Q

what are the functions of the mucous membrane

A

Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions.

142
Q

what are the functions of the serous membrane

A

Produces serous fluid that arises from blood.

143
Q

what are the types of tissue development

A

differentiation
metaplasia

144
Q

development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue.

A

Differentiation

145
Q

Changing from one type of mature tissue to another

A

Metaplasia

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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