Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ.
A
tissue
2
Q
structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types.
A
organ
3
Q
what are the four broad categories of tissues
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Muscular tissue
4
Q
how do the categories of tissues differ from each other
A
- Types and functions of their cells
- Characteristics of the matrix
- Relative amount of space occupied by
cells versus matrix
5
Q
extracellular material
A
matrix
6
Q
what is the matrix composed of
A
fibrous proteins
ground substance
7
Q
what is ground substance
A
clear gel
8
Q
what are examples of ground substance
A
tissue fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)
interstitial fluid
tissue gel
9
Q
what are the three primary germ layers
A
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
10
Q
A fertilized egg becomes an embryo with layers
A
embryonic tissues
11
Q
what is the outer layer
A
ectoderm
12
Q
what is the middle layer
A
mesoderm
13
Q
what is the inner layer
A
endoderm
14
Q
what does the ectoderm give rise to
A
the epidermis and nervous system
15
Q
what does the endoderm give rise to
A
mucous membrane lining digestive respiratory tracts
digestive glands
16
Q
what does the mesoderm give rise to
A
cartilage
bone
blood
17
Q
what does the mesoderm become
A
mesenchyme made up of wispy
collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix
18
Q
Tissue cut on its long axis
A
Longitudinal section (l.s.)
19
Q
Tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of
organ
A
Cross section (c.s. or x.s.)
or
transverse section (t.s.)
20
Q
Tissue cut at angle between cross and
longitudinal sections
A
Oblique section
21
Q
tissue is rubbed across a slide
A
smear
22
Q
some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide
A
spread
23
Q
does not have blood vessels
A
avascular
24
Q
does the epithelial tissue have blood vessels?
A
np
25
layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue
basement membrane
26
what does the basement membrane do
Anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it
27
what are the three surfaces of the Epithelial Tissue
basal surface
apical surface
lateral surface
28
cell surface between the basal and apical
surface, “sidewall”
Lateral Surface
29
cell surface facing the basement membrane
basal surface
30
cell surface that faces away from the basement membrane
apical surface
31
what are the functions of the epithelial tissue
protect
produce and release secretions
excrete
absorb
filter
sense
32
how is epithelial tissue classified
1. Layers of cells
2. Shape of cells
33
Contain one layer of cells with all cells touching the basement membrane.
Simple epithelia
34
Contain more than one layer with some cells resting on top of others and do not all touch basement membrane.
Stratified epithelia
35
Flat of squished cells with nucleus that are wider than they are long
squamous
36
Square or cube shaped cells with nucleus that are round or circle in shape
Cuboidal
37
Rectangle or column shaped cells with nucleus that are longer than they are wide.
Columnar
38
falsely appears stratified, as some cells
taller than others. Every cell reaches the basement membrane (but not all cells reach the free surface).
Pseudostratified columnar
39
wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia.
goblet cells
40
what are the functions of Simple squamous epithelium
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of
substances. Secretes serous fluid.
41
what are the locations of Simple squamous epithelium
alveoli
glomeruli
endothelium
serosa
42
what are the functions of Simple cuboidal epithelium
Absorption and secretion
mucus production and movement
43
what are the locations of Simple cuboidal epithelium
liver
thyroid
mammary
salivary glands
bronchioles
kidney tubules
44
what are the functions of Simple columnar epithelium
absorption and secretion specifically of mucus
45
what are the locations of Simple columnar epithelium
lining of GI tract
uterus
kidney
uterine tubes
46
what are the functions of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Secretes and propels mucus.
47
what are the locations of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
respiratory tract
portions of male urethra
48
where are keratinized tissue found
stratified squamous epithelia
49
is most widespread epithelium in the body
stratified squamous
50
what are the functions of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
resists abrasion
retards water lose form skin
resists penetration of pathogens
51
what are the locations of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis
palms and soles
52
what are the functions of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
53
what are the locations of Non- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
tongue
oral mucosa
esophagus
vagina
54
what are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Secretes sweat
produces sperm and ovarian hormones
55
what are the Locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat gland ducts
salivary glands
ovarian follicles
56
what are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium
aids in protection
57
what are the location of stratified columnar epithelium
Epiglottis
anus
mammary glands
salivary gland ducts
urethra and small areas of the pharynx
58
what are the functions of urothelium transitional epithelium
Allow for expansion without distortion. Allows for filling of urinary tract
59
what are the locations of urothelium transitional epithelium
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
60
a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix. Most cells are not in direct contact with each other.
Connective tissue
61
what is the function of connective tissue
Supports, connects, and protects organs
62
what connective tissue connects the organs
tendons and ligaments
63
what connective tissue supports
bones and cartilage
64
what connective tissue physically protects
cranium
ribs
sternum
65
what connective tissue immune protects
white blood cells
66
what connective tissue move
bones
67
what connective tissue store
fat
calcium
phosphorus
68
what connective tissue does heat production
brown fat
69
what connective tissue transports
blood
70
Cells of fibrous connective tissue
fibroblasts
macrophages
Leukocytes
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocyted
71
produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
fibroblasts
72
arise from monocytes; phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter
Macrophages
73
Neutrophils attack bacteria.
Lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
Leukocytes, or white blood cells
74
arise from lymphocytes and synthesize antibodies (proteins)
Plasma cells
75
secrete heparin to inhibit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels
Mast cells
76
store triglycerides (fat molecules)
Adipocytes
77
Collagen is most abundant of the
body’s proteins(~25%). Tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant. Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin
are mostly collagen; it is less visible in the matrix of cartilage and bone
collagenous fibers
78
Thin collagen fibers coated with
glycoprotein. Form framework of lymphatic organs such as the spleen and lymph node
Reticular fibers
79
Thinner than collagenous fibers, made of
protein elastin. Allows stretch and recoil.
Elastic fibers
80
Long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars and uronic acid.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
81
Gigantic molecules shaped like
bottle brushes. Form gravy-like colloids that hold tissues together.
proteoglycans
82
Protein–carbohydrate complexes. Bind components of a tissue
Adhesive glycoproteins
83
connective tissue not in adults
Embryonic connective tissues
84
embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
85
Loose embryonic connective tissue
Mucous connective tissue
86
Much gel-like ground substance between
cells, fewer fibers
Loose connective tissue
87
main types of connective tissues
connective tissue proper (fibrous)
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
88
types of connective tissue proper (fibrous)
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue
89
types of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Recticular
90
types of dense connective tissue
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
91
Types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage
bone
92
types of bone
compact
spongy
93
types of liquid connective tissue
blood
lymph
94
Much gel-like ground substance between
cells, fewer fibers
loose connective tissue
95
Fibers fill spaces between cells. Types vary in fiber orientation. More fibers and less ground substance
Dense connective tissue
96
what are the functions of areolar tissue
Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes
97
what are the location of areolar tissue
Underlies epithelia
in serous membranes
between muscles
passageways for nerves and blood vessels
98
what are the functions of reticular tissue
Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
99
what are the locations of reticular tissue
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow.
100
what is another name fort adipose tissue
fat
101
what are the functions of adipose tissue
Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
102
what are the locations of adipose tissue
Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
103
what are the functions of dense regular connective tissue
Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together
104
what are the location of dense regular connective tissue
Tendons, Ligaments and Aponeurosis.
105
what are the functions of dense irregular connective tissue
Withstands unpredictable stresses from multiple directions
106
what are the locations of dense irregular connective tissue
deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs
107
what are the functions of elastic connective tissue
Allows for expansion and recoil.
108
what are the locations of elastic connective tissue
Elastic arteries and vertebrae
109
types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
110
what are the functions of hyaline cartilage
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
111
what are the locations of hyaline cartilage
articular cartilage
costal cartilage
trachea
larynx
fetal skeleton
112
what are the functions of elastic cartilage
Provides flexible, elastic support
113
what are the locations of elastic cartilage
external ear and epiglottis
114
what are the functions of fibrocartilage
Resist compression and absorbs shock
115
what are the locations of fibrocartilage
pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs
116
is a supporting connective tissue with a calcified matrix.
bone
117
what are the functions of compact bone
Provides support and strength.
118
what are the locations of compact bone
Diaphysis of long bones and outside of flat bones.
119
Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
nervous tissue
120
what are the three types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
121
what are the functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Voluntary—conscious control over skeletal muscles to allow for movement
122
what are the locations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Most skeletal muscles attach to bone
123
what are the functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
involuntary (not under conscious control) contracts to pump blood to the organs of the body.
124
what are the location of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Limited to the heart wall
125
what are the functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue
Involuntary contraction to propel movement through hollow organs.
126
what are the locations of Smooth Muscle Tissue
Most is visceral muscle—making up parts of walls of hollow organs such as respiratory, digestive, reproductive organs. Propels blood through blood vessels.
127
what are the two types of glands
exocrine
endocrine
128
Glands that maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
exocrine gland
129
These glands have no ducts instead they secrete their products directly into the blood stream.
endocrine glands
130
what are the Classification of Glands based on Types of Secretions
Serous glands
Mucous glands
Mixed glands
Cytogenic glands
131
Produce thin, watery secretions
Serous glands
132
Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
Mucous glands
133
Contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions.
Mixed glands
134
Releases whole cells for example sperm and ovaries.
Cytogenic glands
135
uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis.
Eccrine (merocrine) secretion
136
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface.
Apocrine secretion
137
cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate. Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances.
holocrine secretion
138
what are the Types of Membranes
1. Cutaneous membrane
2. Serous membrane
3. Synovial membrane
4. Mucous membrane
139
function of the Cutaneous membrane
protection
140
what are the functions of the Synovial membrane
lines internal body cavities or organs.
141
what are the functions of the mucous membrane
Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions.
142
what are the functions of the serous membrane
Produces serous fluid that arises from blood.
143
what are the types of tissue development
differentiation
metaplasia
144
development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue.
Differentiation
145
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Metaplasia
