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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscle Tissue for Final EXAM > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue for Final EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

attach the muscle to the bone

A

tendons

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2
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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4
Q

long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

A

Myofibrils

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5
Q

packed into spaces between myofibrils

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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7
Q

tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

A

T tubules

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8
Q

a T tubule and two terminal cisterns associated with it

A

Triad

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9
Q

made of several hundred myosin molecules, each molecule shaped like a golf club. Two chains intertwined to form a shaft-like tail and a double globular head. The heads are directed outward in a helical array around the bundle. The heads on one half of the thick filament angle to the left, while heads on other half angle to the right. The bare zone is the area in the middle with no heads.

A

Thick filaments

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10
Q

two intertwined strands made up of string of globular (G) actin subunits each with an active site that can bind to head of myosin molecule.

A

Thin filaments

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11
Q

segment from Z disc to Z disc

A

Sarcomere

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12
Q

Darkest part is where thick filaments overlap a hexagonal array of thin filaments

A

A band

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13
Q

not as dark; middle of A band; thick filaments only

A

H band

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14
Q

middle of H band

A

M line

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15
Q

means light

A

I band

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16
Q

provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments

A

Z disc

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17
Q

A segment of myofibril from one Z disc to the next in the fiber’s striation pattern.

A

Sarcomere

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18
Q

Fibrous protein strands that carry out the contraction process.

A

Myofilaments

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19
Q

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

A

Motor unit

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20
Q

have about three to six muscle fibers per neuron which allows for
fine degree of control.

A

Small motor units

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21
Q

have hundreds of fibers allowing for more strength than control. Leads to powerful contractions.

A

Large motor units

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22
Q

Small motor units examples

A

Eye and hand muscles

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23
Q

Large motor units examples

A

Quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius

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24
Q

point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell.

A

synapse

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25
Q

gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma

A

Synaptic cleft

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26
Q

a terminal branch at the end of the part of synpatic neuron

A

synaptic knob

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27
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation

A

Excitation
Excitation–contraction
Contraction
Relaxation

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28
Q

a process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials

A

excitation

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29
Q

events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract

A

Excitation–contraction coupling

30
Q

the step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

A

Contraction

31
Q

when stimulation ends, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length

A

Relaxation

32
Q

the amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or shortened it was before it was stimulated

A

Length–tension relationship

33
Q

a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation when stimulus is at threshold or higher.

A

Twitch

34
Q

very brief delay between stimulus and contraction

A

Latent period

35
Q

time when muscle generates external tension

A

Contraction phase

36
Q

time when tension declines to baseline

A

Relaxation phase

37
Q

an increase in tension that occurs when each successive stimuli is delivered after the relaxation phase of the preceding twitch.

A

Treppe

38
Q

higher frequency stimuli produce what

A

temporal (wave) summation

39
Q

Each new twitch rides on the previous one generating higher tension with only partial relaxation between stimuli.

A

wave summation

40
Q

Higher frequency stimuli with each new twitch riding on the previous twitch. Only partial relaxation between stimuli till it reaches maximum level of tension.

A

Incomplete Tetanus

41
Q

Unnaturally high stimulus frequencies (in lab experiments) cause a steady, contraction and muscle never begins to relax.

A

Complete (fused) Tetanus

42
Q

Muscle produces internal tension but external resistance causes it to stay the same length.

A

Isometric muscle contraction

43
Q

Muscle changes in length with no change in tension.

A

Isotonic muscle contraction

44
Q

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

A

Concentric contraction

45
Q

example of concentric contraction

A

lifting weights

46
Q

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

A

Eccentric contraction

47
Q

example of eccentric contraction

A

slowly lowering weight

48
Q

Two main pathways of ATP synthesis

A

Anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic respiration

49
Q

enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen; yields little ATP and lactate, which needs to be disposed of by the liver.

A

Anaerobic fermentation

50
Q

produces far more ATP; does not generate lactate; requires a continual supply of oxygen.

A

Aerobic respiration

51
Q

supply oxygen to the cells in your muscles

A

myoglobin

52
Q

transfers Pi from one ADP to another, converting the latter to ATP

A

Myokinase

53
Q

the combination of ATP and CP which provides nearly all energy for short bursts of activity. Enough energy for 6 s of sprinting.

A

Phosphagen system

54
Q

uses carbohydrates (glucose) stored in the muscles as Glycogen

A

Glycogen lactic acid system

55
Q

what type of breathing is Short-Term Energy

A

Anaerobic Fermentation

56
Q

what type of breathing is Long-Term Energy

A

Aerobic Respiration

57
Q

Three major types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  • fast glycolytic
  • slow oxidative
  • Intermediate fibers
58
Q

what type of twitch is well adapted for endurance; resist fatigue by oxidative (aerobic) ATP production

A

slow oxidative

59
Q

what kind of muscles has slow-twitches (slow oxidative)

A

muscles that maintain posture
(ex: erector spinae of the back, soleus of calf)

60
Q

white, or type II fibers

A

Fast glycolytic

61
Q

what kind of muscles has fast-twitches (Fast glycolytic)

A

quick and powerful muscles
(ex: eye and hand muscles, gastrocnemius of calf and biceps brachii)

62
Q

what type of twitch is well adapted for quick responses

A

Fast-twitch (Fast glycolytic)

63
Q

Properties of cardiac muscle

A
  • Contracts with regular rhythm
  • works at anytime
  • resistant to fatigue
  • cells contract in unison
64
Q

can contract without need for nervous stimulation

A

Cardiac muscle

65
Q

Uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively, rich in myoglobin and glycogen.

A

cardiac muscle

66
Q

named for its lack of striations

A

smooth muscle

67
Q

lack nerve supply; others receive input from autonomic fibers with many varicosities containing synaptic vesicles

A

smooth muscle

68
Q

what type of twitch does cardiac muscles exhibit

A

slow

69
Q

Takes longer to contract but can remain contracted for a long time without fatigue

A

smooth muscle

70
Q

how does smooth muscle contract

A

is always triggered by Ca2+, energized by ATP, and achieved by sliding filaments

71
Q

how does smooth muscle get excited

A
  • Autonomic activity
  • Hormones, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH
  • Temperature
  • Stretch
  • Audtorhythmicity

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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