Endocrine System

Question 1

What two body systems work together to provide well coordinated, generalized, nonspecific responses to combat stress? _______________ and _____________

Answer 1

endocrine and nervous systems

Question 2

Increased levels of what three hormones indicate that an individual is experiencing stress? ____________, _____________ and _____________

Answer 2

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol

Question 3

In the nervous system’s response to stress, ____________ and _____________ exert many effects on the body. Choose the correct response in the pairs listed.

Answer 3

epinephrine and norepinephrine

↑ CO
↑ ventilation
↑ BP
↑ plasma levels of glucose, fatty acids, etc.
↑ sweating
↓ insulin
↓ blood flow to digestive system

Question 4

In response to stress, the hypothalamus increases the release of CRH, which increases ________ from the anterior pituitary and ___________ from the adrenal cortex. These hormones prolong the response to stress provided by the nervous system.

Answer 4

ACTH, cortisol

Question 5

Cortisol enhances ____________________ (in vessels) to help maintain blood pressure and also (increases or inhibits) the inflammation and immune response.

Answer 5

vasoconstriction, inhibits

Question 6

Besides cortisol, the adrenal cortex releases _______________, which promotes salt and water retention, which helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

Answer 6

aldosterone

Question 7

____________ (posterior pituitary hormone) also aids in the stress response by promoting water retention and at high levels it is a potent _______________. Both of these help maintain blood pressure.

Answer 7

Vasopressin (ADH), vasoconstrictor

Question 8

Epinephrine is a (lipophilic or hydrophilic) hormone. Thus it (does or does not) require a protein carrier and the receptors at the target cell are located _______________. Epinephrine is synthesized from ______________ and has a very short half-life of ______.

Answer 8

(hydrophilic)

(does not)

on the membrane

tyrosine

10 sec.

Question 9

_______________ is a condition in which there is hypersecretion of catecholamines by a tumor in the adrenal medulla. Which of the following symptoms would be present in a patient with this condition?

Answer 9

Pheochromocytoma

-sweating
-increased BP, Blood Glucose, HR, TPR

Question 10

Cortisol is a (lipophilic or hydrophilic) hormone. Thus it (does or does not) require a protein carrier and the receptors on the target organ are located _____________. Cortisol is synthesized from _____________ and has a half-life of _________.

Answer 10

(lipophilic)

(does)

inside the cell

cholesterol

90 min.

Question 11

Hypercortisolism is better known as ___________ __________, which is due to a hypersecreting tumor in the anterior pituitary. What hormone is being hypersecreted? _________________. Hypercortisolism from all other causes, such as glucocorticoid drugs, is known as __________ _____________.

Answer 11

Cushings disease

ACTH

Cushings syndrom

Question 12

Primary adrenal insufficiency is better known as __________ _______. What two hormones are deficient? _____________ and _______________

Answer 12

Addison’s Disease

cortisol and aldosterone.

Question 13

The following symptoms would be characteristic of which disease? ___________ Low blood pressure, decreased plasma sodium and hypoglycemia

Answer 13

Addison’s Disease

Question 14

The following symptoms would be characteristic of which disease? ___________ high blood pressure, poor wound healing and hyperglycemia

Answer 14

Cushings Disease

Question 15

Classify the following as either part of the rapid response (R) to stress mediated by the sympathetic nervous system or the prolonged (P) response of the endocrine system:

maintains gas exchange _____
maintains fuel levels _____ maintains body defenses _____ redirects blood flow _____
makes fuel available _____

Answer 15

maintains gas exchange __R___
maintains fuel levels __R___ maintains body defenses __P__ redirects blood flow __R___
makes fuel available __P___

Question 16

Hormones act at specific target organs because these organs contain __________ specific for the hormones.

Answer 16

Receptors

Question 17

Growth hormone, secreted by the _____ _______ gland, stimulates growth of bones and muscle by activating intermediary proteins called ________________.

Answer 17

anterior pituitary

somatomedins

Question 18

__________ (hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of cortisol from the ______ ________ (gland).

Answer 18

ACTH

adrenal cortex

Question 19

The anterior pituitary consists of _________ tissue.

Answer 19

glandular

Question 20

The parafollicular or C-cells of the ____________ gland produce __________, a peptide hormone that lowers plasma calcium levels

Answer 20

thyroid

calcitonin

Question 21

Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas include ___________ from the α cells and _______________ from the β cells. Which of these hormones raise blood glucose levels?

Answer 21

glucagon (alpha)

insulin (beta)

glucagon (raise blood glucose levels)

Question 22

Specialized muscle cells in the heart produce _________ (hormone), which increases excretion of _______ (electrolyte) by the kidneys.

Answer 22

Artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (hormone)

sodium

Question 23

___________ (hormone) promotes the final conversion of vitamin D to ___________ in the kidney.

Answer 23

PTH, calcitriol

Question 24

__________ (hormone) produced by G-cells in the pyloric antrum stimulates _____ secretion in the
stomach.

Answer 24

Gastrin

hydrochloric acid

Question 25

One ventral hypothalamic hormone (__________) is essential for the stress response and another (___________) inhibits release of prolactin.

Answer 25

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Question 26

___________ (hormone) is a stimulus for sperm production in the male and maturation of ovarian follicles in the female.

Answer 26

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Question 27

________, secreted by the pineal gland, helps regulate body activities with the light-dark cycle

Answer 27

Melatonin

Question 28

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces the hormone ___________, which acts on the _________ (organ) to increase ___ (electrolyte) reabsorption.

Answer 28

aldosterone kidney sodium

Question 29

_______ ________ (gland) is a modified sympathetic ganglion producing the amine hormones known as _______________. This category of amine hormones includes both __________ and ______________ (two hormones).

Answer 29

adrenal medulla catecholamines (amine hormones) epenephrine and norepenephrine

Question 30

The ___________ (organ) produces a steroid hormone called ____________ in the interstitial cells and a peptide hormone called ___________ that inhibits FSH.

Answer 30

testes testosterone inhibin

Question 31

Large follicles in this gland (__________) contain a protein colloid called ______________ from which the hormones _______ and ______ are made. These hormones regulate many metabolic functions and are important for nervous system development and growth.

Answer 31

thyroid thyroglobulin (protien) triiodothyronine t3 thyroxine t4

Question 32

Nuclei in the ventral hypothalamus produce two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary. Name the two nuclei that produce these hormones and name the two hormones, one of which is important for water balance.

Answer 32

1. supraoptic nuclei 2. paraventricular nuclei 1. oxytocin 2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - (important for water balence)

Question 33

The anterior pituitary is composed of __________ tissue. Name the six classic hormones whose functions are well known.

Answer 33

glandular tissue growth hormone (GH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin (PRL).

Question 34

TRH, GNRH, CRH etc. are known as ____________ hypothalamic hormones which regulate the function of the _________ pituitary. These hormones are released into capillary beds and carried directly to the pituitary by the __________ ________ ________ located in the __________________.

Answer 34

ventral anterior hypophyseal portal veins infundibulum

Question 35

_____________ and ________________, the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the ____________ and _______________ nuclei of the hypothalamus. They are stored in the axon terminals located in the __________ pituitary. Similar to neurotransmitters, an ________ ________ in the neuron causes their release.

Question 36

In negative feedback, the target hormone feeds back to alter the release of the anterior or hypothalamic hormones thus (increasing or decreasing) its own release.

Answer 36

decreasing

Question 37

Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback mainly to the anterior pituitary. _________

Answer 37

CRH and ACTH

Question 38

Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback to both the anterior pituitary and the ventral hypothalamus. ____________

Answer 38

Cortisol

Question 39

Prolactin is unique in that the main ventral hypothalamic hormone regulating its secretion (___________), inhibits its release.

Answer 39

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and dopamine

Question 40

____________ (hormone) increases prolactin release. Very high levels of this hormone during pregnancy actually block the effect of prolactin on milk production.

Answer 40

estrogen

Question 41

_________ hormones are necessary for the release of __________ hormone. This is an example of modulation of a hormone by a target hormone of another series.

Answer 41

thyroid growth

Question 42

Suckling of an infant causes milk letdown by stimulating what hormone? ____________

Answer 42

oxytocin

Question 43

Changes in osmolarity detected by chemically sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus will alter what hormone’s level? ______________

Answer 43

vasopressin (ADH)

Question 44

Cortisol release is synchronized by the light/dark cycle and has a 24 hour pattern of secretion known as a _____________ rhythm. Levels are highest at what part of the day? ___________

Answer 44

circadian early morning

Question 45

Besides controlling levels of T3 and T4, TSH also promotes __________ of the thyroid gland.

Answer 45

growth

Question 46

T3 and T4 are carried in the blood stream bound to _________ ________ because they are (hydrophilic or lipophilic).

Answer 46

carrier proteins (lipophilic)

Question 47

T3 and T4 enter the target cells by __________ and bind to receptors located ______________.

Answer 47

diffusion mainly in the nucleus;

Question 48

T3 and T4 are synthesized from ___________ and __________.

Answer 48

tyrosine and iodine

Question 49

Which of the following would be symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 49

lethergy low BMR low-normal heart rate feeling cold weight gain

Question 50

another name for hypothyroidism

Answer 50

myxedema

Question 51

Lack of dietary iodine would cause probably (primary or secondary) hypothyroidism and the patient would get an iodine-deficient _________.

Answer 51

(primary) goiter

Question 52

Graves’ disease is the most common cause of primary ___________________. The body secretes _________ __________ ____________, which mimics the action of TSH and thus may cause a ___________ as well as high levels of thyroid hormones.

Answer 52

hyperthyroidism Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) goiter

Question 53

The receptor is activated by the input signal that is the ______________.

Answer 53

Hormone

Question 54

This signal causes a biochemical change in the cell. Name three of the five possible changes listed.

Answer 54

Contraction, secretion, transport, synthesis, breakdown

Question 55

Water soluble proteins such as __________ and ______________ bind to receptors located where on the cell? __________________

Answer 55

Peptides and catecholamines on the cell membrane

Question 56

-What is bound to the G protein in the inactive state? ________ In the active state? __________

Answer 56

GDP (inactive) GTP (active)

Question 57

What catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP? _

Answer 57

Adenylate Cyclase

Question 58

What is known as the first messenger? _________

Answer 58

Hormone

Question 59

Second messenger? _________

Answer 59

cAMP

Question 60

A molecule of cAMP activates ________ ________ __, which can phosphorylate many proteins

Answer 60

Protein Kinase A

Question 61

A single molecule of a hormone can have a large effect on the cell due to this process called ___________.

Answer 61

Amplification

Question 62

What is the enzyme that inactivates cAMP? _________________

Answer 62

Phosphodiesterase

Question 63

-Insulin decreases plasma glucose, amino acids and fatty acids by stimulating the conversion of them to their storage form. Name these storage forms. glucose _____________ amino acids____________ fatty acids ____________

Answer 63

glycogen proteins triglycerides

Question 64

Conversion to the storage form is known as _________ metabolism.

Answer 64

anabolic

Question 65

After a meal, high levels of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids lead to a/an (decrease or increase) in insulin secretion.

Answer 65

increase

Question 66

The autonomic nervous system also regulates insulin secretion. What effects would the sympathetic and parasympathetic system have on insulin secretion? Sympathetic ____________ Parasympathetic ____________

Answer 66

decrease increase

Question 67

Insulin travels in the blood and binds to what type of receptors on the cell membrane? _________

Answer 67

Tyrosine kinase

Question 68

What hormone increases plasma glucose levels? _________

Answer 68

Insulin

Question 69

This hormone breaks down the storage forms and this is known as __________ metabolism.

Answer 69

Glucagon and catabloic

Question 70

Type (1 or 2) diabetes is characterized by a resistance of the target cells to insulin. Plasma insulin levels are normal or high.

Answer 70

type 2

Question 71

In type 1 diabetes, the lack of insulin and glycogenolysis in the liver leads to (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia).

Answer 71

hypergylcemia

Question 72

With the increase in filtration of glucose at the kidneys the carriers become ________ and glucose appears in the urine, also known as ___________.

Answer 72

Saturated glucosuria

Question 73

Glucose acts as an _________ __________ leading to increased urine flow.

Answer 73

Osmotic diuretic

Question 74

Increased lipolysis produces an increase in _______ ______ which when used as fuel produces _________.

Answer 74

Plasma lipids ketones

Question 75

The presence of these in plasma and urine is known respectively as ___________ and ___________.

Answer 75

Ketosis (ketonemia) and ketonuria

Question 76

Lipid soluble hormones such as _________ and __________ hormone bind to receptors located _______________.

Answer 76

Steroids and thyroid (hormone), in the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)

Question 77

Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the ___________ dissociates from the receptor complex.

Answer 77

Chaperone

Question 78

The hormone receptor complexes act as ____________ _________.

Answer 78

Transcription factors

Question 79

The receptor-hormone complex then binds to ______.

Answer 79

DNA

Question 80

The mRNA produces _________________ that catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell.

Answer 80

Enzymes (proteins)

Question 81

Cortisol is classified as a ________ hormone.

Answer 81

Steroid hormone

Question 82

Name 4 major actions of Cortisol.

Answer 82

Increased glucose genesis and glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis and protein breakdown

Question 83

The main function of thyroid hormones is:

Answer 83

Main regulator of metabolic rate