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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What two body systems work together to provide well coordinated, generalized, nonspecific responses to combat stress? _______________ and _____________

A

endocrine and nervous systems

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2
Q

Increased levels of what three hormones indicate that an individual is experiencing stress? ____________, _____________ and _____________

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol

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3
Q

In the nervous system’s response to stress, ____________ and _____________ exert many effects on the body. Choose the correct response in the pairs listed.

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

↑ CO
↑ ventilation
↑ BP
↑ plasma levels of glucose, fatty acids, etc.
↑ sweating
↓ insulin
↓ blood flow to digestive system

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4
Q

In response to stress, the hypothalamus increases the release of CRH, which increases ________ from the anterior pituitary and ___________ from the adrenal cortex. These hormones prolong the response to stress provided by the nervous system.

A

ACTH, cortisol

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5
Q

Cortisol enhances ____________________ (in vessels) to help maintain blood pressure and also (increases or inhibits) the inflammation and immune response.

A

vasoconstriction, inhibits

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6
Q

Besides cortisol, the adrenal cortex releases _______________, which promotes salt and water retention, which helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

A

aldosterone

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7
Q

____________ (posterior pituitary hormone) also aids in the stress response by promoting water retention and at high levels it is a potent _______________. Both of these help maintain blood pressure.

A

Vasopressin (ADH), vasoconstrictor

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8
Q

Epinephrine is a (lipophilic or hydrophilic) hormone. Thus it (does or does not) require a protein carrier and the receptors at the target cell are located _______________. Epinephrine is synthesized from ______________ and has a very short half-life of ______.

A

(hydrophilic)

(does not)

on the membrane

tyrosine

10 sec.

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9
Q

_______________ is a condition in which there is hypersecretion of catecholamines by a tumor in the adrenal medulla. Which of the following symptoms would be present in a patient with this condition?

A

Pheochromocytoma

-sweating
-increased BP, Blood Glucose, HR, TPR

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10
Q

Cortisol is a (lipophilic or hydrophilic) hormone. Thus it (does or does not) require a protein carrier and the receptors on the target organ are located _____________. Cortisol is synthesized from _____________ and has a half-life of _________.

A

(lipophilic)

(does)

inside the cell

cholesterol

90 min.

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11
Q

Hypercortisolism is better known as ___________ __________, which is due to a hypersecreting tumor in the anterior pituitary. What hormone is being hypersecreted? _________________. Hypercortisolism from all other causes, such as glucocorticoid drugs, is known as __________ _____________.

A

Cushings disease

ACTH

Cushings syndrom

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12
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency is better known as __________ _______. What two hormones are deficient? _____________ and _______________

A

Addison’s Disease

cortisol and aldosterone.

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13
Q

The following symptoms would be characteristic of which disease? ___________ Low blood pressure, decreased plasma sodium and hypoglycemia

A

Addison’s Disease

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14
Q

The following symptoms would be characteristic of which disease? ___________ high blood pressure, poor wound healing and hyperglycemia

A

Cushings Disease

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15
Q

Classify the following as either part of the rapid response (R) to stress mediated by the sympathetic nervous system or the prolonged (P) response of the endocrine system:

maintains gas exchange _____
maintains fuel levels _____ maintains body defenses _____ redirects blood flow _____
makes fuel available _____

A

maintains gas exchange __R___
maintains fuel levels __R___ maintains body defenses __P__ redirects blood flow __R___
makes fuel available __P___

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16
Q

Hormones act at specific target organs because these organs contain __________ specific for the hormones.

A

Receptors

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17
Q

Growth hormone, secreted by the _____ _______ gland, stimulates growth of bones and muscle by activating intermediary proteins called ________________.

A

anterior pituitary

somatomedins

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18
Q

__________ (hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of cortisol from the ______ ________ (gland).

A

ACTH

adrenal cortex

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19
Q

The anterior pituitary consists of _________ tissue.

A

glandular

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20
Q

The parafollicular or C-cells of the ____________ gland produce __________, a peptide hormone that lowers plasma calcium levels

A

thyroid

calcitonin

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21
Q

Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas include ___________ from the α cells and _______________ from the β cells. Which of these hormones raise blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon (alpha)

insulin (beta)

glucagon (raise blood glucose levels)

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22
Q

Specialized muscle cells in the heart produce _________ (hormone), which increases excretion of _______ (electrolyte) by the kidneys.

A

Artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (hormone)

sodium

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23
Q

___________ (hormone) promotes the final conversion of vitamin D to ___________ in the kidney.

A

PTH, calcitriol

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24
Q

__________ (hormone) produced by G-cells in the pyloric antrum stimulates _____ secretion in the
stomach.

A

Gastrin

hydrochloric acid

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25
Q

One ventral hypothalamic hormone (__________) is essential for the stress response and another
(___________) inhibits release of prolactin.

A

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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26
Q

___________ (hormone) is a stimulus for sperm production in the male and maturation of ovarian
follicles in the female.

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

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27
Q

________, secreted by the pineal gland, helps regulate body activities with the light-dark cycle

A

Melatonin

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28
Q

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces the hormone ___________, which acts on
the _________ (organ) to increase ___ (electrolyte) reabsorption.

A

aldosterone

kidney

sodium

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29
Q

_______ ________ (gland) is a modified sympathetic ganglion producing the amine hormones known as
_______________. This category of amine hormones includes both __________ and ______________
(two hormones).

A

adrenal medulla

catecholamines (amine hormones)

epenephrine and norepenephrine

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30
Q

The ___________ (organ) produces a steroid hormone called ____________ in the interstitial cells and a
peptide hormone called ___________ that inhibits FSH.

A

testes

testosterone

inhibin

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31
Q

Large follicles in this gland (__________) contain a protein colloid called ______________ from which
the hormones _______ and ______ are made. These hormones regulate many metabolic functions and are important for nervous system development and growth.

A

thyroid

thyroglobulin (protien)

triiodothyronine t3

thyroxine t4

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32
Q

Nuclei in the ventral hypothalamus produce two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary. Name the two nuclei that produce these hormones and name the two hormones, one of which is important for water balance.

A
  1. supraoptic nuclei
  2. paraventricular nuclei
  3. oxytocin
  4. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - (important for water balence)
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33
Q

The anterior pituitary is composed of __________ tissue. Name the six classic hormones whose functions are well known.

A

glandular tissue

growth hormone (GH)

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

luteinizing hormone (LH)

prolactin (PRL).

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34
Q

TRH, GNRH, CRH etc. are known as ____________ hypothalamic hormones which regulate the function of the _________ pituitary. These hormones are released into capillary beds and carried directly to the pituitary by the __________ ________ ________ located in the __________________.

A

ventral

anterior

hypophyseal portal veins

infundibulum

35
Q

_____________ and ________________, the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the ____________ and _______________ nuclei of the hypothalamus. They are stored in the axon terminals located in the __________ pituitary. Similar to neurotransmitters, an ________ ________ in the neuron causes their release.

A
36
Q

In negative feedback, the target hormone feeds back to alter the release of the anterior or hypothalamic hormones thus (increasing or decreasing) its own release.

A

decreasing

37
Q

Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback mainly to the anterior pituitary. _________

A

CRH and ACTH

38
Q

Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback to both the anterior pituitary and the ventral hypothalamus. ____________

A

Cortisol

39
Q

Prolactin is unique in that the main ventral hypothalamic hormone regulating its secretion (___________), inhibits its release.

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and dopamine

40
Q

____________ (hormone) increases prolactin release. Very high levels of this hormone during pregnancy actually block the effect of prolactin on milk production.

A

estrogen

41
Q

_________ hormones are necessary for the release of __________ hormone. This is an example of modulation of a hormone by a target hormone of another series.

A

thyroid

growth

42
Q

Suckling of an infant causes milk letdown by stimulating what hormone? ____________

A

oxytocin

43
Q

Changes in osmolarity detected by chemically sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus will alter what hormone’s level? ______________

A

vasopressin (ADH)

44
Q

Cortisol release is synchronized by the light/dark cycle and has a 24 hour pattern of secretion known as a _____________ rhythm. Levels are highest at what part of the day? ___________

A

circadian

early morning

45
Q

Besides controlling levels of T3 and T4, TSH also promotes __________ of the thyroid gland.

A

growth

46
Q

T3 and T4 are carried in the blood stream bound to _________ ________ because they are (hydrophilic or lipophilic).

A

carrier proteins

(lipophilic)

47
Q

T3 and T4 enter the target cells by __________ and bind to receptors located ______________.

A

diffusion

mainly in the nucleus;

48
Q

T3 and T4 are synthesized from ___________ and __________.

A

tyrosine and iodine

49
Q

Which of the following would be symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

lethergy

low BMR

low-normal heart rate

feeling cold

weight gain

50
Q

another name for hypothyroidism

A

myxedema

51
Q

Lack of dietary iodine would cause probably (primary or secondary) hypothyroidism and the patient would get an iodine-deficient _________.

A

(primary)

goiter

52
Q

Graves’ disease is the most common cause of primary ___________________. The body secretes _________ __________ ____________, which mimics the action of TSH and thus may cause a ___________ as well as high levels of thyroid hormones.

A

hyperthyroidism

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)

goiter

53
Q

The receptor is activated by the input signal that is the ______________.

A

Hormone

54
Q

This signal causes a biochemical change in the cell. Name three of the five possible changes listed.

A

Contraction, secretion, transport, synthesis, breakdown

55
Q

Water soluble proteins such as __________ and ______________ bind to receptors located where on the
cell? __________________

A

Peptides and catecholamines

on the cell membrane

56
Q

-What is bound to the G protein in the inactive state? ________ In the active state? __________

A

GDP (inactive)

GTP (active)

57
Q

What catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP? _

A

Adenylate Cyclase

58
Q

What is known as the first messenger? _________

A

Hormone

59
Q

Second messenger? _________

A

cAMP

60
Q

A molecule of cAMP activates ________ ________ __, which can phosphorylate many proteins

A

Protein Kinase A

61
Q

A single molecule of a hormone can have a large effect on the cell due to this process called ___________.

A

Amplification

62
Q

What is the enzyme that inactivates cAMP? _________________

A

Phosphodiesterase

63
Q

-Insulin decreases plasma glucose, amino acids and fatty acids by stimulating the conversion of them to their storage form. Name these storage forms.

glucose _____________
amino acids ____________
fatty acids ____________

A

glycogen

proteins

triglycerides

64
Q

Conversion to the storage form is known as _________ metabolism.

A

anabolic

65
Q

After a meal, high levels of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids lead to a/an (decrease or increase) in insulin secretion.

A

increase

66
Q

The autonomic nervous system also regulates insulin secretion. What effects would the sympathetic and parasympathetic system have on insulin secretion?

Sympathetic ____________
Parasympathetic ____________

A

decrease

increase

67
Q

Insulin travels in the blood and binds to what type of receptors on the cell membrane? _________

A

Tyrosine kinase

68
Q

What hormone increases plasma glucose levels? _________

A

Insulin

69
Q

This hormone breaks down the storage forms and this is known as __________ metabolism.

A

Glucagon and catabloic

70
Q

Type (1 or 2) diabetes is characterized by a resistance of the target cells to insulin. Plasma insulin levels are normal or high.

A

type 2

71
Q

In type 1 diabetes, the lack of insulin and glycogenolysis in the liver leads to (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia).

A

hypergylcemia

72
Q

With the increase in filtration of glucose at the kidneys the carriers become ________ and glucose appears in the urine, also known as ___________.

A

Saturated

glucosuria

73
Q

Glucose acts as an _________ __________ leading to increased urine flow.

A

Osmotic diuretic

74
Q

Increased lipolysis produces an increase in _______ ______ which when used as fuel produces _________.

A

Plasma lipids

ketones

75
Q

The presence of these in plasma and urine is known respectively as ___________ and ___________.

A

Ketosis (ketonemia) and ketonuria

76
Q

Lipid soluble hormones such as _________ and __________ hormone bind to receptors located _______________.

A

Steroids and thyroid (hormone),

in the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)

77
Q

Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the ___________ dissociates from the receptor complex.

A

Chaperone

78
Q

The hormone receptor complexes act as ____________ _________.

A

Transcription factors

79
Q

The receptor-hormone complex then binds to ______.

A

DNA

80
Q

The mRNA produces _________________ that catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell.

A

Enzymes (proteins)

81
Q

Cortisol is classified as a ________ hormone.

A

Steroid hormone

82
Q

Name 4 major actions of Cortisol.

A

Increased glucose genesis and glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis and protein breakdown

83
Q

The main function of thyroid hormones is:

A

Main regulator of metabolic rate

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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