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Anatomy and Physiology > Osseous Tissue > Flashcards

Osseous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

the most durable remains of a once-living body.

A

bones and teeth

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2
Q

is the study of bone

A

osteology

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3
Q

what is the skeletal system made up of

A

bones, cartilages, and ligaments

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4
Q

Covers many joint surfaces of mature bone

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

hold bones together at joints

A

ligaments

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6
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

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7
Q

calcification

A

the hardening process of bone

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8
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

A

support
protection
movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid–base balance
Blood formation

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9
Q

connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals.

A

Bone (osseous tissue)

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10
Q

Bones are classified by what

A

-Shape
-Organization of Internal Tissue
-Markings or features on bone surface

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11
Q

Types of bones by shape

A

flat
long
short
Irregular bones
Sutural bones
Sesamoid

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12
Q

Bones that develop within the tendons usually found near the joints.

A

sesamoid bone

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13
Q

Thin, curved plates; protect soft organs.

A

flat bones

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14
Q

Longer than wide; rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement.

A

long bones

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15
Q

Approximately equal in length and width; glide across one another in multiple directions.

A

short bones

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16
Q

Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories.

A

irregular bones

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17
Q

Bones found in between the sutures of the skull.

A

Sutural bones

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18
Q

examples of flat bones

A

roof of skull
sternum
ribs
scapulae

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19
Q

examples of long bones

A

arm
forearm
thigh
leg
palms
soles
fingers
toes
femur

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20
Q

is the largest and heaviest bone In the body.

A

femur

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21
Q

examples of sesamoid bones

A

knee
hands
feet.

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22
Q

example of Irregular Bones

A

vertebrae
pelvis
several bones in the skull

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23
Q

example of short bones

A

carpal bones (wrists)
tarsal bones (ankles)

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24
Q

dense outer shell of bone

A

Compact bone

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25
Q

dense or cortical

A

compact

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26
Q

loosely organized bone tissue

A

spongy bone

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27
Q

cancellous

A

spongy

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28
Q

Found in center of ends and center of shafts of long bones and in middle of nearly all others.

A

spongy bone

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29
Q

shaft that provides leverage

A

diaphysis

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30
Q

space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow

A

Marrow cavity (medullary cavity)

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31
Q

Contains hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells. It is found in nearly every bone in a child.

A

red marrow

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32
Q

found in adults. It is a fatty marrow that does not produce blood.

A

Yellow marrow

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33
Q

enlarged ends of a long bone. strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons.

A

Epiphysis

34
Q

the middle where the diaphysis and the epiphysis meets

A

Metaphysis

35
Q

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface; allows bones to
move freely at the joint.

A

Articular cartilage

36
Q

minute holes in bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate.

A

Nutrient foramina

37
Q

external sheath covering most of bone made up of an

A

Periosteum

38
Q

thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity. It contains cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it.

A

Endosteum

39
Q

found in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be.

A

Epiphysial line

40
Q

area of hyaline cartilage that separates epiphyses and diaphyses of children’s bones. Enables growth in length.

A

Epiphysial plate (growth plate)

41
Q

what is apart of long bones anatomy

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis

42
Q

The shaft of a long bone which is made up of compact or dense bone. The central space is called the medullary (marrow) cavity.

A

Diaphysis

43
Q

The wide part at the ends of long bones. Made up of a spongy (cancellous) bone surrounded by compact bone.

A

Epiphysis

44
Q

Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meets.

A

Metaphysis

45
Q

Sandwich-like construction with two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone (diploe). Both surfaces covered with periosteum. Absorbs shock with marrow spaces lined with endosteum.

A

Flat bone

46
Q

Four principal types of bone cells

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
47
Q

stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

A

osteogenic cells

48
Q

immature bone cell that secretes osteoid the organic component of bone matrix

A

osteoblast

49
Q

mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix

A

osteocyte

50
Q

bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface

A

osteoclast

51
Q

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it. Remodeling is a collaborative and precise action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bony processes grow larger in response to mechanical stress.

A

Wolff’s law of bone

52
Q

what are the components of bony matrix

A

inorganic commitment
water
organic component

53
Q

explain the arrangement of the compact bone

A

closely packed osteons or haversian systems

54
Q

functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

55
Q

tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

A

lacunae

56
Q

little channels that connect lacunae

A

canaliculi

57
Q

allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them to supply the osteocytes.

A

central (harvesian) canal

58
Q

surround a central (haversian) canal running longitudinally.

A

concentric lamellae

59
Q

transverse or diagonal passages.

A

Perforating canals

60
Q

the formation of bone

A

Ossification or osteogenesis

61
Q

Two mechanisms of bone formation

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

62
Q

Produces flat bones of skull, clavicle, and part of the mandible in fetus. Thickens long bones throughout life.

A

Intramembranous ossification

63
Q

Bones originate as hyaline cartilage. Produce long bones.

A

Endochondral ossification

64
Q

cartilage transitions to bone

A

Epiphysial plate

65
Q

Functions as growth zone where bone elongates

A

Epiphysial plate

66
Q

growth from within

A

interstitial growth

67
Q

occurs at bone surface. Continual growth in diameter and thickness.

A

Appositional growth

68
Q

process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone. Osteoblasts produce collagen fibers that spiral the length of the osteon.

A

Mineral deposition

69
Q

process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood.
Performed by osteoclasts at ruffled border.

A

Mineral resorption

70
Q

depends on a balance between dietary intake, urinary and fecal losses, and exchanges between osseous tissue

A

Calcium homeostasis

71
Q

Calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones

A

Calcitriol
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone

72
Q

most active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

73
Q

is a hormone that raises blood calcium level

A

calcitriol

74
Q

secreted by parathyroid glands on
posterior surface of thyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

75
Q

secreted by C cells (clear cells) of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise too high

A

calcitonin

76
Q

Other Factors Affecting Bone

A
  • age
  • hormones
  • anabolic steroids
77
Q

cause growth to stop

A

Anabolic steroids

78
Q

break caused by abnormal trauma to teh bone

A

fracture

79
Q

break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

A

Stress fracture

80
Q

break in a bone weakened by disease (such as bone cancer or osteoporosis)

A

Pathological fracture

81
Q

explain the process of fracture repair

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Soft callus formation
  3. Hard callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
82
Q

the most common bone disease

A

osteoporosis

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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