Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

function of autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Question 2

primary organs of the ANS

Answer 2

• Viscera of thoracic
• abdominal cavities
• Cutaneous blood vessels
• Sweat glands
• Arrector muscles

Question 3

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors .

Answer 3

visceral reflex

Question 4

Give an example of visceral reflex using blood pressure regulation

Answer 4

High blood pressure detected by arterial stretch receptors (1), afferent neuron (2) carries signal to CNS, efferent (3) signals travel to the heart, then (4) heart slows reducing blood pressure

Question 5

components of a visceral reflex arc

Answer 5

• Receptors: nerve endings that detect
  stretch, tissue damage, blood
  chemicals, body temperature, and other
  internal stimuli
• Afferent neurons: lead to CNS

-Integrating center: interneurons in the
CNS

• Efferent neurons: carry motor signals
  away from the CNS
• Effectors: carry out end response
• ANS considered the efferent pathway

Question 6

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division

Question 7

function of Parasympathetic division

Answer 7

Calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance; Digestion and waste elimination

“resting and digesting”

Question 8

function of Sympathetic division

Answer 8

Prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear; Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc.; reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract.

“fight or flight”

Question 9

normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the two systems according to the body’s needs

Answer 9

autonomic tone

Question 10

Must cross a synapse where the two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion

Answer 10

autonomic pathway

Question 11

Where is the Preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron located

Answer 11

the first neuron has a neurosoma in the brainstem or spinal cord

Question 12

Where is the Postganglionic (postsynaptic) neuron located

Answer 12

neuron whose axon extends the rest of the way to the target cell

Question 13

length of Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

Answer 13

relatively short

Question 14

length of Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

Answer 14

relatively long

Question 15

Neurotransmitters of Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

Answer 15

acetylcholine

Question 16

Neurotransmitters of preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

Answer 16

acetylcholine

Question 17

length of Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

Answer 17

long

Question 18

length of Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

Answer 18

short

Question 19

Neurotransmitters of Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

Answer 19

normally: Epinephrine (NO)
sometimes: Norepinephrine (NE) or Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 20

Neurotransmitters of Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

Answer 20

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 21

receptors of postganglionic neuron

Answer 21

nicotinic receptor

Question 22

explain the receptors of a parasympathetic fiber

Answer 22

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases ACh and connects to the target cell’s muscarinic receptor

Question 23

types of sympathetic fibers

Answer 23

sympathetic adrenergic fiber
sympathetic cholinergic fiber

Question 24

explain the receptors of a sympathetic adrenergic fiber

Answer 24

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases NE and connects to the target cell’s adrenergic receptor

Question 25

explain the receptors of a sympathetic cholinergic fiber

Answer 25

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang's nicotinic receptor which releases ACh and connects to the target cell's muscarinic receptor

Question 26

Nerve fibers leave the sympathetic chain by three routes

Answer 26

- Spinal nerve route - Sympathetic nerve route - Splanchnic nerves

Question 27

postganglionic fibers exit a ganglion by way of the gray ramus Return to the spinal nerve and travel the rest of the way to the target organ

Answer 27

Spinal nerve route

Question 28

nerves leave by way of sympathetic nerves that extend to the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thoracic blood vessels.

Answer 28

Sympathetic nerve route

Question 29

fibers that arise from spinal nerves T5 to T12 pass through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing continue on as the splanchnic nerves.

Answer 29

Splanchnic nerves

Question 30

Nerve fibers of the Parasympathetic division

Answer 30

CN III CN VII CN IX CN X Pelvic nerves

Question 31

CN III

Answer 31

Occulomotor nerve (III) * Narrows pupil and focuses lens

Question 32

CN VII

Answer 32

Facial nerve (VII) * Tear,nasal,andsalivaryglands

Question 33

CN IX

Answer 33

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) * Parotid salivary gland

Question 34

CN X

Answer 34

Vagus nerve (X) * Viscera as far as proximal half of colon * Cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses that give off anterior and posterior vagal trunks

Question 35

Preganglionic fibers are small myelinated fibers that travel from spinal nerve to the ganglion by way of the

Answer 35

white communicating rami

Question 36

Postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion by way of the

Answer 36

gray communicating rami

Question 37

Collateral ganglia contribute to a network called

Answer 37

abdominal aortic plexus

Question 38

three major collateral ganglia in this plexus

Answer 38

- Celiac, - Superior mesenteric - Inferior mesenteric

Question 39

collective name for the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia.

Answer 39

solar plexus

Question 40

functions of the adrenal glands

Answer 40

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions

Question 41

Secretes steroid hormones

Answer 41

Adrenal cortex

Question 42

Essentially a sympathetic ganglion consisting of modified postganglionic neurons (without fibers)

Answer 42

Adrenal Medulla

Question 43

function of enteric nervous system

Answer 43

the nervous system of the digestive tract

Question 44

hereditary defect causing absence of enteric nervous system

Answer 44

Hirschsprung disease

Question 45

effects of Acetylcholine

Answer 45

is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Question 46

can be excitatory or inhibitory Found in all cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells

Answer 46

effects of Muscarinic receptors

Question 47

Excitatory when ACh binding occurs. Found on all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle.

Answer 47

effects of Nicotinic receptors

Question 48

is secreted by nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons called adrenergic fibers

Answer 48

effects of Norepinephrine

Question 49

Receptors for Norepinephrine

Answer 49

adrenergic receptors

Question 50

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

Answer 50

Usually excitatory

Question 51

Beta-adrenergic receptors

Answer 51

Usually inhibitory

Question 52

most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Answer 52

dual innervation

Question 53

oppose each other

Answer 53

Antagonistic effect

Question 54

two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect

Answer 54

Cooperative effect

Question 55

Parasympathetic exerts more influence on what organs?

Answer 55

digestive organs

Question 56

Sympathetic has greater effect on what organs?

Answer 56

ventricular muscle of heart

Question 57

Some effectors receive only sympathetic fibers and no parasympathetic fibers

Answer 57

control without dual innervation

Question 58

has an influence: Powerful emotions such as anger, fear, anxiety influence the ANS because of the connections between our limbic system and the hypothalamus.

Answer 58

Cerebral cortex

Question 59

major visceral motor control center. Contain the nuclei for primitive functions—hunger, thirst, sex.

Answer 59

Hypothalamus

Question 60

Nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes

Answer 60

Mid brain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 61

Defecation and micturition reflexes are integrated in spinal cord. We control these functions because of our control over skeletal muscle sphincters; if the spinal cord is damaged, the smooth muscle of bowel and bladder is controlled by autonomic reflexes built into the spinal cord.

Answer 61

Spinal cord reflexes

Question 62

effects of sympathomimetics and an example

Answer 62

enhance sympathetic activity. Stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine release. albuterol or nasal decongestant

Question 63

effects of sympatholytics and an example

Answer 63

suppress sympathetic activity. Block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release beta-blockers

Question 64

effects of parasympathomimetics and an example

Answer 64

enhance activity of the parasympathetic nervous system sleeping pills

Question 65

effects of parasympatholytics and an example

Answer 65

suppress activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Caffeine

Question 66

effects of caffeine and an example

Answer 66

competes with adenosine (the presence of which causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors