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Anatomy and Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

function of autonomic nervous system

A

motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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2
Q

primary organs of the ANS

A
  • Viscera of thoracic
  • abdominal cavities
  • Cutaneous blood vessels
  • Sweat glands
  • Arrector muscles
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3
Q

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors .

A

visceral reflex

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4
Q

Give an example of visceral reflex using blood pressure regulation

A

High blood pressure detected by arterial stretch receptors (1), afferent neuron (2) carries signal to CNS, efferent (3) signals travel to the heart, then (4) heart slows reducing blood pressure

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5
Q

components of a visceral reflex arc

A
  • Receptors: nerve endings that detect
    stretch, tissue damage, blood
    chemicals, body temperature, and other
    internal stimuli
  • Afferent neurons: lead to CNS

-Integrating center: interneurons in the
CNS

  • Efferent neurons: carry motor signals
    away from the CNS
  • Effectors: carry out end response
  • ANS considered the efferent pathway
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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division

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7
Q

function of Parasympathetic division

A

Calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance; Digestion and waste elimination

“resting and digesting”

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8
Q

function of Sympathetic division

A

Prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear; Increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc.; reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract.

“fight or flight”

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9
Q

normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the two systems according to the body’s needs

A

autonomic tone

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10
Q

Must cross a synapse where the two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion

A

autonomic pathway

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11
Q

Where is the Preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron located

A

the first neuron has a neurosoma in the brainstem or spinal cord

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12
Q

Where is the Postganglionic (postsynaptic) neuron located

A

neuron whose axon extends the rest of the way to the target cell

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13
Q

length of Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

relatively short

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14
Q

length of Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

relatively long

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters of Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters of preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

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17
Q

length of Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

long

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18
Q

length of Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

short

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters of Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division

A

normally: Epinephrine (NO)
sometimes: Norepinephrine (NE) or Acetylcholine (ACh)

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters of Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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21
Q

receptors of postganglionic neuron

A

nicotinic receptor

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22
Q

explain the receptors of a parasympathetic fiber

A

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases ACh and connects to the target cell’s muscarinic receptor

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23
Q

types of sympathetic fibers

A

sympathetic adrenergic fiber
sympathetic cholinergic fiber

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24
Q

explain the receptors of a sympathetic adrenergic fiber

A

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases NE and connects to the target cell’s adrenergic receptor

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25
Q

explain the receptors of a sympathetic cholinergic fiber

A

pregang releases ACh which connects to Postgang’s nicotinic receptor which releases ACh and connects to the target cell’s muscarinic receptor

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26
Q

Nerve fibers leave the sympathetic chain by three routes

A
  • Spinal nerve route
  • Sympathetic nerve route
  • Splanchnic nerves
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27
Q

postganglionic fibers exit a ganglion by way of the gray ramus

Return to the spinal nerve and travel the rest of the way to the target organ

A

Spinal nerve route

28
Q

nerves leave by way of sympathetic nerves that extend to the heart, lungs, esophagus, and thoracic blood vessels.

A

Sympathetic nerve route

29
Q

fibers that arise from spinal nerves T5 to T12 pass through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing continue on as the splanchnic nerves.

A

Splanchnic nerves

30
Q

Nerve fibers of the Parasympathetic division

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
Pelvic nerves

31
Q

CN III

A

Occulomotor nerve (III)
* Narrows pupil and focuses lens

32
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve (VII)
* Tear,nasal,andsalivaryglands

33
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
* Parotid salivary gland

34
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve (X)

  • Viscera as far as proximal half of colon
  • Cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses that give off anterior and posterior vagal trunks
35
Q

Preganglionic fibers are small myelinated fibers that travel from spinal nerve to the ganglion by way of the

A

white communicating rami

36
Q

Postganglionic fibers leave the ganglion by way of the

A

gray communicating rami

37
Q

Collateral ganglia contribute to a network called

A

abdominal aortic plexus

38
Q

three major collateral ganglia in this plexus

A
  • Celiac,
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
39
Q

collective name for the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia.

A

solar plexus

40
Q

functions of the adrenal glands

A

produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions

41
Q

Secretes steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

42
Q

Essentially a sympathetic ganglion consisting of modified postganglionic neurons (without fibers)

A

Adrenal Medulla

43
Q

function of enteric nervous system

A

the nervous system of the digestive tract

44
Q

hereditary defect causing absence of enteric nervous system

A

Hirschsprung disease

45
Q

effects of Acetylcholine

A

is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

46
Q

can be excitatory or inhibitory Found in all cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells

A

effects of Muscarinic receptors

47
Q

Excitatory when ACh binding occurs. Found on all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle.

A

effects of Nicotinic receptors

48
Q

is secreted by nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons called adrenergic fibers

A

effects of Norepinephrine

49
Q

Receptors for Norepinephrine

A

adrenergic receptors

50
Q

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Usually excitatory

51
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors

A

Usually inhibitory

52
Q

most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

A

dual innervation

53
Q

oppose each other

A

Antagonistic effect

54
Q

two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified
overall effect

A

Cooperative effect

55
Q

Parasympathetic exerts more influence on what organs?

A

digestive organs

56
Q

Sympathetic has greater effect on what organs?

A

ventricular muscle of heart

57
Q

Some effectors receive only sympathetic fibers and no parasympathetic fibers

A

control without dual innervation

58
Q

has an influence: Powerful emotions such as anger, fear, anxiety influence the ANS because of the connections between our limbic system and the hypothalamus.

A

Cerebral cortex

59
Q

major visceral motor control center. Contain the nuclei for primitive functions—hunger, thirst, sex.

A

Hypothalamus

60
Q

Nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes

A

Mid brain, pons, and medulla oblongata

61
Q

Defecation and micturition reflexes are integrated in spinal cord. We control these functions because of our control over skeletal muscle sphincters; if the spinal cord is damaged, the smooth muscle of bowel and bladder is controlled by autonomic reflexes built into the spinal cord.

A

Spinal cord reflexes

62
Q

effects of sympathomimetics and an example

A

enhance sympathetic activity. Stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine release.

albuterol or nasal decongestant

63
Q

effects of sympatholytics and an example

A

suppress sympathetic activity. Block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release

beta-blockers

64
Q

effects of parasympathomimetics and an example

A

enhance activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

sleeping pills

65
Q

effects of parasympatholytics and an example

A

suppress activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Caffeine

66
Q

effects of caffeine and an example

A

competes with adenosine (the presence of which causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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