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Anatomy and Physiology > Neural Tissue for Final EXAM > Flashcards

Neural Tissue for Final EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the subdivisons of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what organs make up the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

what are the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory divison
motor divison

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4
Q

what does the sensory division do?

A

carries signals from receptors to CNS

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5
Q

what are the subdivisions of the sensory division

A

Visceral sensory division
Somatic sensory division
Special senses

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6
Q

what does the Visceral sensory division do?

A

carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder)

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7
Q

what does somatic sensory division do?

A

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

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8
Q

what are the subdivisions of the motor division

A

Visceral motor division
Somatic motor division

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9
Q

what does motor division do

A

carries signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles that carry out the body’s response).

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10
Q

what does Somatic motor division do?

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles leading to muscular contraction and somatic reflexes (involuntary muscle contractions).

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11
Q

what does visceral motor division do?

A

carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle. Its involuntary responses are visceral reflexes.

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12
Q

what is another name for visceral motor division

A

autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

what are the subdivisions of the visceral motor division

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

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14
Q

what is the responsibility of the Sympathetic division

A

is responsible for the fight or flight response. It tends to arouse the body for action. It increases the heart rate, heart contractility, respiratory rate, but inhibits digestive and urinary systems.

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15
Q

what is the responsibility of the Parasympathetic division

A

is responsible for the rest and digest response. It slows heart rate, breathing but stimulates digestive and urinary systems.

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16
Q

What makes up the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the entire nervous system except the brain and spinal cord
(nerves and ganglia)

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17
Q

carries signals from receptors to CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) division

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18
Q

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

what are the cells of the nervous tissue

A

neurons
neuroglia

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20
Q

cells used for communication by the nervous tissue

A

Neurons

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21
Q

Supporting cells of the nervous tissue

A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

what are the three classes of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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23
Q

Detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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24
Q

Receive signals from many neurons, integrates, processes and determines the appropriate response. Lie entirely within CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (about 90% of all neurons).

A

Interneurons

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25
Q

Send signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors).

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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26
Q

contains the nucleus and other structures common to living cells

A

soma

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27
Q

Multiple branches that come off the soma responsible for receiving signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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28
Q

the elongated portion of the neuron located in the center of the cell between the soma and terminals

A

axon

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29
Q

the region of a neuron that controls the initiation of an electrical impulse based on the inputs from other neurons or the environment

A

axon hillock

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30
Q

swellings that form contact points (synapses) with other cell, contains synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter

A

Axon terminals

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31
Q

what are the neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte

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32
Q

Cuboidal epithelium with cilia on apical surface that line internal cavities of the brain. They secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

Ependymal cells

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33
Q

Most abundant glia in CNS. Star shaped cells that cover brain surface and most non synaptic regions of neurons.

A

Astrocytes

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34
Q

Macrophages that develop from white blood cells (monocytes) and become concentrated in areas of damage.

A

Microglia

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35
Q

Octopus like cells with arm-like processes that wrap around nerve fibers forming myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction.

A

Oligodendrocytes

36
Q

what are the neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

37
Q

Wind around the axon and form myelin sheaths. Assist in regeneration of damaged fibers.

A

Schwann cells

38
Q

Surround the somas of PNS neurons inside ganglia. They provide electrical insulation and regulate the chemical environment.

A

Satellite cells

39
Q

Consists of the plasma membrane of glial cells, made up of 20% protein and 80% lipid.

A

myelin

40
Q

what are the function of myelin

A

Provides insulation around the axon and increases action potential conduction velocity.

41
Q

what is the myelin formed by in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

42
Q

what is the myelin formed by in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

43
Q

what are the factors that can affect the speed of conduction

A

Diameter of the fiber
Presence of myelin

44
Q

how does the diameter affect conduction

A

Larger axons have more surface area and conduct signals more
rapidly.

45
Q

how does the Presence or absence of myelin Presence or absence of myelin

A

Myelin speeds signal conduction. Many neurons have unmyelinated axons and they have slower signal conduction compared to myelinated axons.

46
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of neurons

A

-70 mV

47
Q

how is the resting membrane potential of neurons made

A

Caused by separation of charge (ions) across the cell membrane with the inside of membrane negative relative to outside

48
Q
  • Moves 3 Na+ out of the cell and brings 2 K+ into
    the cell using 1 ATP
  • Helps create and maintain the sodium and
    potassium ion concentration gradients across the
    membrane.
A

Na+/K+ pump

49
Q

At normal resting membrane potential, an electrical gradient opposes the chemical gradient for potassium ions (K+). The net electrochemical gradient tends to force potassium ions out of the cell.

A

Potassium Ion Gradients

50
Q

At the normal resting membrane potential, chemical and electrical gradients combine to drive sodium ions (Na+) into the cell.

A

Sodium Ion Gradients

51
Q

Change in membrane potential at and nearby point of stimulation may be a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

A

Local potential

52
Q

Rapid up-and-down shift in membrane potential that can travel a long distance down an axon. Always a rapid depolarization followed by repolarization and hyperpolarization.

A

Action potential

53
Q

Two types of change in membrane potential:

A

Local potential
Action potential

54
Q

shift in the voltage across the membrane to a less negative value

A

Depolarization

55
Q

shift in the voltage across the membrane to a more negative value.

A

Hyperpolarization

56
Q

label this

A
57
Q

Period of resistance to stimulation during an action potential and for a few milliseconds after when it is difficult or impossible to initiate another action potential.

A

Refractory period

58
Q

what are the Refractory period two phases

A

relative refractory period
absolute refractory period.

59
Q

A stronger stimulus than usual is needed to trigger a new AP. During hyperpolarization, a larger depolarization (local potential) is required to reach threshold for another action potential to be triggered

A

relative refractory period

60
Q

No stimulus of any strength will trigger another action potential due to inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

A

absolute refractory period.

61
Q

occurs in unmyelinated axons that have voltage-gated channels along their entire length.

A

continuous propagation

62
Q

in myelinated axons where electrical signal seems to jump from node to node. Moves faster through “insulated” segments covered with myelin and slows down when it reaches the bare axon of the nodes.

A

saltatory propagation

63
Q

a small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.

A

Synapses

64
Q

which releases neurotransmitter and transmits the signal toward a synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron

65
Q

responds to neurotransmitter

A

postsynaptic neuron

66
Q
  • Axon terminal of presynaptic neuron contains
    synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter.
  • Postsynaptic neuron membrane contains
    neurotransmitter receptors. The neurotransmitter
    receptors are ligand-gated ion gates that open
    when neurotransmitters bind to them.
A

chemical synapse

67
Q

what are the events that lead to the cessation of the signal

A

Degradation
Reuptake
Diffusion

68
Q

how does the cessation of the signal occur

A

Presynaptic cell stops releasing neurotransmitter

69
Q

Enzyme in synaptic cleft breaks down neurotransmitter

A

Degradation

70
Q

Neurotransmitter (or its breakdown products) reabsorbed into axon terminal

A

Reuptake

71
Q

Neurotransmitter (or its breakdown products) simply diffuse away from synapse into nearby ECF

A

Diffusion

72
Q

are chemicals secreted by neurons that have long term modulatory effects on groups of neurons

A

Neuromodulators

73
Q
  • is a simple neuromodulator
  • Gas that enters postsynaptic cells and
    activates second messenger pathways
A

Nitric oxide (NO)

74
Q

is a voltage change from Resting membrane potential towards threshold and usually results from Na+ flowing into the cell

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

75
Q

occurs when the cell’s voltage becomes more negative than it is at rest

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

76
Q

is the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect which occurs in the trigger zone.

A

Summation

77
Q

what are the two types of Summation

A

Temporal summation
Spatial summation

78
Q

Occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades. Allows EPSPs to add up over time to a threshold voltage that triggers an action potential.

A

Temporal summation

79
Q

Occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at an axon hillock. Simultaneous input from multiple presynaptic neurons are required for the postsynaptic neuron to fire.

A

Spatial summation

80
Q

occurs when one presynaptic neuron enhances another one

A

Presynaptic facilitation

81
Q

occurs when one presynaptic neuron suppresses another one

A

Presynaptic inhibition

82
Q

ability of synapses to change

A

Synaptic plasticity

83
Q

process of making transmission easier

A

Synaptic potentiation

84
Q

may last a lifetime and can hold more information than short term memory.

A

Long term memory (LTM)

85
Q

memories you can put into words

A

Explicit

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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