Introduction to A&P Flashcards
1
Q
The study of the structures, the body parts.
A
anatomy
2
Q
studying structures that can be seen with the naked eyes.
A
Gross Anatomy
3
Q
Structures are studied based on the location
A
regional anatomy
4
Q
another name for gross anatomy
A
Macroscopic anatomy
5
Q
Structures are studied based on system
A
systemic anatomy
6
Q
what are the two types of gross anatomy
A
regional and systemic
7
Q
Structures that can be seen with a microscope because it cannot be
seen with the naked eyes
A
microscopic anatomy
8
Q
what are two types of microscopic anatomies?
A
cytology and histology
9
Q
what is the study of cells
A
cytology
10
Q
what is the study of tissues
A
histology
11
Q
Study of the structures throughout a lifespan
A
developmental anatomy
12
Q
what is the example of developmental anatomy
A
embryology
13
Q
Study of the structures from
conception to birth.
A
Embryology
14
Q
Structures are studied based on diseases.
A
pathological anatomy
15
Q
Structures are studied based on radiographic images(x-ray).
A
Radiographic anatomy
16
Q
The study of the functions of those body parts.
A
physiology
17
Q
name the level of organization from smallest to highest
A
atom
molecule
organelles
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
organism
18
Q
the smallest particle
A
atoms
19
Q
composed of two or more atoms
A
molecules
20
Q
structures within a cell that carry out cellular function composed of molecules
A
organelles
21
Q
made up of different organelles
A
cells
22
Q
the smallest unit of an organism
A
cells
23
Q
made up of cells with similar function or similar cell products
A
tissues
24
Q
made up of multiple tissues that carry out a similar functions
A
organs
25
made up of multiple organs that maintain a common function
organ system
26
the organism is made up of the multiple organ systems
organisms
27
what is an example of an organism
a human
28
is the state of balance or the internal stable state that the body tries to
maintain.
homeostasis
29
what happens when the body deviates form the normal state?
diseased state
30
what are the mechanisms that the body uses to combat a change from homeostasis
negative feedback and positive feedback
31
what is negative feedback?
Opposes the outcome or reverses a
mechanism as a way to maintain a stable state. It counteracts the response
32
what is the cell made up of?
cytoplasm
33
what is cytoplasm
he intracellular fluid or cytosol and the
organelles within.
34
Separates the intracellular fluid, fluid within the cell from the extracellular fluid, fluid outside of the cell.
plasma membrane
35
what kind of permeability does the plasma membrane have?
semi permeable
36
what is the cell membrane made up?
phospholipids
37
describe phospholipids
The head of the phospholipid is hydrophilic while the tails are
hydrophobic
38
Links cells together.
cell junctions
39
what are the three cell junctions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap
junctions.
40
-have impermeable junctions
-form continuous seals around the cell
-prevent molecules from passing between cells
tight junctions
41
-communicating junctions
-allows ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell
-particularly important in heart cell and embryonic cells
gap junctions
42
-anchoring junctions
-bind adjacent cells together like velcro
-help keeps cells from tearing apart
desmosomes
43
the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is produced
Mitochondria
44
Composed of proteins and ribosomal RNAs
ribosomes
45
the site for protein synthesis
ribosomes
46
when there is a membrane-bound ribosome, where is it attached?
endoplasmic reticulum.
47
serves as calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
endoplasmic reticulum
48
two types of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
49
Catalyzes the reactions that are involved in metabolizing lipids, synthesizing cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid
based hormones, detoxifying drugs in the liver and breaking down glycogen to form glucose in the liver.
Smooth ER
50
Plays a role in packaging newly synthesized proteins by the ribosomes
Rough ER
51
Consists of flattened membranous sacs that plays a role in packaging secretory vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
52
Contains powerful enzymes that play a role in detoxification. They also play a role in the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids.
Peroxisomes
53
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that plays a role in the breakdown of biological molecules.
Lysosomes
54
helps form a structural
framework for the cell and allows for cellular movement.
cytoskeleton
55
what are the three types of cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubles
56
list the the three types of cytoskeleton in order of largest to smallest
microtubles
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
57
what are microfilaments made of?
actin
58
what are intermediate filaments made of?
tetramer
59
what are microtubles made of?
tublin
60
what are microfilaments involed in?
cell motility and changes in cell shape.
61
what are intermediate filaments involved in?
resists tensions and resists pulling forces
exerted on the cell
62
what are microtubules involved in?
grows out from the centrosome and determines the overall shape of the cell.
63
The cell center, acts as the microtubule organizing center. Generates microtubules and plays a role in mitotic spindle organization during cell division.
Contains paired centrioles which form the bases of cilia and flagella.
centrosomes
64
Motile cellular extensions that can be
found on surfaces of the cells.
cilia
65
Formed by centrioles but longer
than cilia and helps propel the cell that it is
located on.
flagella
66
fingerlike extensions on the cell
surface that increases the surface area and plays a role in absorption
microvilli
67
Contains the genes and controls protein synthesis. Contains the genetic information needed to produce proteins. Enclosed within a
nuclear envelope with a nucleoplasm-jelly like fluid which other nuclear elements are suspended.
nucleus
68
are composed of components needed to synthesize and assemble ribosomal subunits.
Nucleoli
69
Composed of DNA, histone proteins and RNA, makes up the genes.
chromatin
70
allowing some things through, but preventing others from passing
selectively permeable
71
Random molecular motion of particles provides necessary energy
running down the concentration gradient
Passive mechanisms
72
what mechanism consumes ATP
Active mechanism
73
mechanisms use a membrane protein to
transport substances across membrane
Carrier-mediated mechanisms
74
particles are driven through
membrane by physical pressure
filtration
75
net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration
simple diffusion
76
net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
77
how does water move through osmosis
where water is more concentrated to the side where it is less concentrated
78
what can enhance osmosis
aquaporins
79
channel proteins in membrane specialized for water passage
aquaporins
80
hydrostatic pressure required to
stop osmosis
Osmotic pressure
81
what kind of relationship does osmotic pressure and nonpermeating solute have
direct
82
process of applying mechanical
pressure to override osmotic pressure
reverse osmosis
83
1 mole of dissolved particles
osmole
84
number of osmoles per liter of solution
osmolarity
85
the ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
tonicityw
86
what does tonicity depend on
concentration of nonpermeating solutes
87
causes cell to absorb water and swell
hypotonic solution
88
Has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular
fluid (ICF)
hypotonic solution
89
what is the extreme example of a hypotonic solution
distilled water
90
causes cell to lose water and shrivel
(crenate)
hypertonic solution
91
Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF
hypertonic solution
92
causes no change in cell volume
isotonic solution
93
Concentrations of nonpermeating solutes in bath and ICF are the same
isotonic solution
94
what are the features of specificity
- Transport proteins are specific for
particular solutes
- Solute (ligand) binds to receptor site on
carrier protein
- Solute is released unchanged on other
side of membrane
95
what are the three kind of carriers
uniport
symport
antiport
96
carries one type of solute
uniport
97
what is an example of a uniport
calcium pump
98
carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction
symport (cotransport)
99
example of symport
sodium-glucose transporters
100
Carries two or more solutes in opposite directions
antiport (countertransport)
101
what is an example of antiport
sodium-potasium pump removes Na+, brings in K+
102
what are the Three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion
primary active transport
secondary active transport
103
carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
104
Solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane
Facilitated diffusion
105
carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
Primary active transport
106
uses ATP while expelling calcium
from cell to where it is already more concentrated
Calcium pump (uniport)
107
uses ATP while expelling sodium and importing potassium into cell
Sodium–potassium pump (antiport)
108
example of Primary active transport
Calcium pump
Sodium–potassium pump
109
what does the sodium-potassium pump do
Keeps K+ concentration higher and Na+
concentration lower within the cell than in ECF
110
what are the sodium-potassium pump functions
* Maintains steep Na+ concentration gradient
allowing for secondary active transport
* Regulates solute concentration and thus osmosis
and thus cell volume
* Maintains negatively charged resting membrane
potential
* Produces heat
111
Carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly
Secondary active transport
112
what does the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) (symport) do
Moves glucose into cell while simultaneously carrying
sodium down its gradient
113
moves large particles, fluid droplets, or
numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles bubble-like enclosures of membrane
vesicular transport
114
vesicular processes that bring material into cell
Endocytosis
115
types of Endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-medicated endocytosis
116
particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
117
cell drinking,” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
pinocytosis
118
“cell eating,” engulfing large particles
phagocytosis
119
what are some example so phagocytosis
Pseudopods
phagosomes
macrophages
120
“cell eating,” engulfing large particles
phagocytosis
121
discharging material from the cel
exocytosis
122
more selective endocytosis Enables cells to take in specific molecules that bind to extracellular receptors
receptor-mediated endocytosis
123
Transport of material across the cell
by capturing it on one side and
releasing it on the other
transcytosis
124
what two processes does transcytosis use?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
moves it into the cell and exocytosis
moves it out the other side
