Introduction to A&P Flashcards
The study of the structures, the body parts.
anatomy
studying structures that can be seen with the naked eyes.
Gross Anatomy
Structures are studied based on the location
regional anatomy
another name for gross anatomy
Macroscopic anatomy
Structures are studied based on system
systemic anatomy
what are the two types of gross anatomy
regional and systemic
Structures that can be seen with a microscope because it cannot be
seen with the naked eyes
microscopic anatomy
what are two types of microscopic anatomies?
cytology and histology
what is the study of cells
cytology
what is the study of tissues
histology
Study of the structures throughout a lifespan
developmental anatomy
what is the example of developmental anatomy
embryology
Study of the structures from
conception to birth.
Embryology
Structures are studied based on diseases.
pathological anatomy
Structures are studied based on radiographic images(x-ray).
Radiographic anatomy
The study of the functions of those body parts.
physiology
name the level of organization from smallest to highest
atom
molecule
organelles
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
organism
the smallest particle
atoms
composed of two or more atoms
molecules
structures within a cell that carry out cellular function composed of molecules
organelles
made up of different organelles
cells
the smallest unit of an organism
cells
made up of cells with similar function or similar cell products
tissues
made up of multiple tissues that carry out a similar functions
organs
made up of multiple organs that maintain a common function
organ system
the organism is made up of the multiple organ systems
organisms
what is an example of an organism
a human
is the state of balance or the internal stable state that the body tries to
maintain.
homeostasis
what happens when the body deviates form the normal state?
diseased state
what are the mechanisms that the body uses to combat a change from homeostasis
negative feedback and positive feedback
what is negative feedback?
Opposes the outcome or reverses a
mechanism as a way to maintain a stable state. It counteracts the response
what is the cell made up of?
cytoplasm
what is cytoplasm
he intracellular fluid or cytosol and the
organelles within.
Separates the intracellular fluid, fluid within the cell from the extracellular fluid, fluid outside of the cell.
plasma membrane
what kind of permeability does the plasma membrane have?
semi permeable
what is the cell membrane made up?
phospholipids
describe phospholipids
The head of the phospholipid is hydrophilic while the tails are
hydrophobic
Links cells together.
cell junctions
what are the three cell junctions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap
junctions.
-have impermeable junctions
-form continuous seals around the cell
-prevent molecules from passing between cells
tight junctions
-communicating junctions
-allows ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell
-particularly important in heart cell and embryonic cells
gap junctions
-anchoring junctions
-bind adjacent cells together like velcro
-help keeps cells from tearing apart
desmosomes
the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is produced
Mitochondria
Composed of proteins and ribosomal RNAs
ribosomes
the site for protein synthesis
ribosomes
when there is a membrane-bound ribosome, where is it attached?
endoplasmic reticulum.
serves as calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
endoplasmic reticulum
two types of endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Catalyzes the reactions that are involved in metabolizing lipids, synthesizing cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid
based hormones, detoxifying drugs in the liver and breaking down glycogen to form glucose in the liver.
Smooth ER
Plays a role in packaging newly synthesized proteins by the ribosomes
Rough ER
Consists of flattened membranous sacs that plays a role in packaging secretory vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus
Contains powerful enzymes that play a role in detoxification. They also play a role in the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids.
Peroxisomes
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that plays a role in the breakdown of biological molecules.
Lysosomes
helps form a structural
framework for the cell and allows for cellular movement.
cytoskeleton
what are the three types of cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubles
list the the three types of cytoskeleton in order of largest to smallest
microtubles
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
what are microfilaments made of?
actin
what are intermediate filaments made of?
tetramer
what are microtubles made of?
tublin
what are microfilaments involed in?
cell motility and changes in cell shape.
what are intermediate filaments involved in?
resists tensions and resists pulling forces
exerted on the cell
what are microtubules involved in?
grows out from the centrosome and determines the overall shape of the cell.
The cell center, acts as the microtubule organizing center. Generates microtubules and plays a role in mitotic spindle organization during cell division.
Contains paired centrioles which form the bases of cilia and flagella.
centrosomes
Motile cellular extensions that can be
found on surfaces of the cells.
cilia
Formed by centrioles but longer
than cilia and helps propel the cell that it is
located on.
flagella
fingerlike extensions on the cell
surface that increases the surface area and plays a role in absorption
microvilli
Contains the genes and controls protein synthesis. Contains the genetic information needed to produce proteins. Enclosed within a
nuclear envelope with a nucleoplasm-jelly like fluid which other nuclear elements are suspended.
nucleus
are composed of components needed to synthesize and assemble ribosomal subunits.
Nucleoli
Composed of DNA, histone proteins and RNA, makes up the genes.
chromatin
allowing some things through, but preventing others from passing
selectively permeable
Random molecular motion of particles provides necessary energy
running down the concentration gradient
Passive mechanisms
what mechanism consumes ATP
Active mechanism
mechanisms use a membrane protein to
transport substances across membrane
Carrier-mediated mechanisms
particles are driven through
membrane by physical pressure
filtration
net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration
simple diffusion
net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
how does water move through osmosis
where water is more concentrated to the side where it is less concentrated
what can enhance osmosis
aquaporins
channel proteins in membrane specialized for water passage
aquaporins
hydrostatic pressure required to
stop osmosis
Osmotic pressure
what kind of relationship does osmotic pressure and nonpermeating solute have
direct
process of applying mechanical
pressure to override osmotic pressure
reverse osmosis
1 mole of dissolved particles
osmole
number of osmoles per liter of solution
osmolarity
the ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell
tonicityw
what does tonicity depend on
concentration of nonpermeating solutes
causes cell to absorb water and swell
hypotonic solution
Has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular
fluid (ICF)
hypotonic solution
what is the extreme example of a hypotonic solution
distilled water
causes cell to lose water and shrivel
(crenate)
hypertonic solution
Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF
hypertonic solution
causes no change in cell volume
isotonic solution
Concentrations of nonpermeating solutes in bath and ICF are the same
isotonic solution
what are the features of specificity
- Transport proteins are specific for
particular solutes - Solute (ligand) binds to receptor site on
carrier protein - Solute is released unchanged on other
side of membrane
what are the three kind of carriers
uniport
symport
antiport
carries one type of solute
uniport
what is an example of a uniport
calcium pump
carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction
symport (cotransport)
example of symport
sodium-glucose transporters
Carries two or more solutes in opposite directions
antiport (countertransport)
what is an example of antiport
sodium-potasium pump removes Na+, brings in K+
what are the Three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport
Facilitated diffusion
primary active transport
secondary active transport
carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
Solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane
Facilitated diffusion
carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
Primary active transport
uses ATP while expelling calcium
from cell to where it is already more concentrated
Calcium pump (uniport)
uses ATP while expelling sodium and importing potassium into cell
Sodium–potassium pump (antiport)
example of Primary active transport
Calcium pump
Sodium–potassium pump
what does the sodium-potassium pump do
Keeps K+ concentration higher and Na+
concentration lower within the cell than in ECF
what are the sodium-potassium pump functions
- Maintains steep Na+ concentration gradient
allowing for secondary active transport - Regulates solute concentration and thus osmosis
and thus cell volume - Maintains negatively charged resting membrane
potential - Produces heat
Carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly
Secondary active transport
what does the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) (symport) do
Moves glucose into cell while simultaneously carrying
sodium down its gradient
moves large particles, fluid droplets, or
numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles bubble-like enclosures of membrane
vesicular transport
vesicular processes that bring material into cell
Endocytosis
types of Endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-medicated endocytosis
particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
cell drinking,” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
pinocytosis
“cell eating,” engulfing large particles
phagocytosis
what are some example so phagocytosis
Pseudopods
phagosomes
macrophages
“cell eating,” engulfing large particles
phagocytosis
discharging material from the cel
exocytosis
more selective endocytosis Enables cells to take in specific molecules that bind to extracellular receptors
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Transport of material across the cell
by capturing it on one side and
releasing it on the other
transcytosis
what two processes does transcytosis use?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
moves it into the cell and exocytosis
moves it out the other side
