Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Introduction to A&P > Flashcards

Introduction to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structures, the body parts.

A

anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

studying structures that can be seen with the naked eyes.

A

Gross Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structures are studied based on the location

A

regional anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

another name for gross anatomy

A

Macroscopic anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structures are studied based on system

A

systemic anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two types of gross anatomy

A

regional and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structures that can be seen with a microscope because it cannot be
seen with the naked eyes

A

microscopic anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are two types of microscopic anatomies?

A

cytology and histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the study of cells

A

cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the study of tissues

A

histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Study of the structures throughout a lifespan

A

developmental anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the example of developmental anatomy

A

embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Study of the structures from
conception to birth.

A

Embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structures are studied based on diseases.

A

pathological anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structures are studied based on radiographic images(x-ray).

A

Radiographic anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The study of the functions of those body parts.

A

physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name the level of organization from smallest to highest

A

atom
molecule
organelles
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the smallest particle

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

composed of two or more atoms

A

molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

structures within a cell that carry out cellular function composed of molecules

A

organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

made up of different organelles

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the smallest unit of an organism

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

made up of cells with similar function or similar cell products

A

tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

made up of multiple tissues that carry out a similar functions

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

made up of multiple organs that maintain a common function

A

organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the organism is made up of the multiple organ systems

A

organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an example of an organism

A

a human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

is the state of balance or the internal stable state that the body tries to
maintain.

A

homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what happens when the body deviates form the normal state?

A

diseased state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the mechanisms that the body uses to combat a change from homeostasis

A

negative feedback and positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

Opposes the outcome or reverses a
mechanism as a way to maintain a stable state. It counteracts the response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the cell made up of?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

he intracellular fluid or cytosol and the
organelles within.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Separates the intracellular fluid, fluid within the cell from the extracellular fluid, fluid outside of the cell.

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what kind of permeability does the plasma membrane have?

A

semi permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the cell membrane made up?

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe phospholipids

A

The head of the phospholipid is hydrophilic while the tails are
hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Links cells together.

A

cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the three cell junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap
junctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

-have impermeable junctions
-form continuous seals around the cell
-prevent molecules from passing between cells

A

tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

-communicating junctions
-allows ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell
-particularly important in heart cell and embryonic cells

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

-anchoring junctions
-bind adjacent cells together like velcro
-help keeps cells from tearing apart

A

desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the powerhouse of the cell where ATP is produced

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Composed of proteins and ribosomal RNAs

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the site for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

when there is a membrane-bound ribosome, where is it attached?

A

endoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

serves as calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

A

endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

two types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Catalyzes the reactions that are involved in metabolizing lipids, synthesizing cholesterol, phospholipids, steroid
based hormones, detoxifying drugs in the liver and breaking down glycogen to form glucose in the liver.

A

Smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Plays a role in packaging newly synthesized proteins by the ribosomes

A

Rough ER

51
Q

Consists of flattened membranous sacs that plays a role in packaging secretory vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

52
Q

Contains powerful enzymes that play a role in detoxification. They also play a role in the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids.

A

Peroxisomes

53
Q

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that plays a role in the breakdown of biological molecules.

A

Lysosomes

54
Q

helps form a structural
framework for the cell and allows for cellular movement.

A

cytoskeleton

55
Q

what are the three types of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubles

56
Q

list the the three types of cytoskeleton in order of largest to smallest

A

microtubles
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

57
Q

what are microfilaments made of?

A

actin

58
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of?

A

tetramer

59
Q

what are microtubles made of?

A

tublin

60
Q

what are microfilaments involed in?

A

cell motility and changes in cell shape.

61
Q

what are intermediate filaments involved in?

A

resists tensions and resists pulling forces
exerted on the cell

62
Q

what are microtubules involved in?

A

grows out from the centrosome and determines the overall shape of the cell.

63
Q

The cell center, acts as the microtubule organizing center. Generates microtubules and plays a role in mitotic spindle organization during cell division.
Contains paired centrioles which form the bases of cilia and flagella.

A

centrosomes

64
Q

Motile cellular extensions that can be
found on surfaces of the cells.

A

cilia

65
Q

Formed by centrioles but longer
than cilia and helps propel the cell that it is
located on.

A

flagella

66
Q

fingerlike extensions on the cell
surface that increases the surface area and plays a role in absorption

A

microvilli

67
Q

Contains the genes and controls protein synthesis. Contains the genetic information needed to produce proteins. Enclosed within a
nuclear envelope with a nucleoplasm-jelly like fluid which other nuclear elements are suspended.

A

nucleus

68
Q

are composed of components needed to synthesize and assemble ribosomal subunits.

A

Nucleoli

69
Q

Composed of DNA, histone proteins and RNA, makes up the genes.

A

chromatin

70
Q

allowing some things through, but preventing others from passing

A

selectively permeable

71
Q

Random molecular motion of particles provides necessary energy
running down the concentration gradient

A

Passive mechanisms

72
Q

what mechanism consumes ATP

A

Active mechanism

73
Q

mechanisms use a membrane protein to
transport substances across membrane

A

Carrier-mediated mechanisms

74
Q

particles are driven through
membrane by physical pressure

A

filtration

75
Q

net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration

A

simple diffusion

76
Q

net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

77
Q

how does water move through osmosis

A

where water is more concentrated to the side where it is less concentrated

78
Q

what can enhance osmosis

A

aquaporins

79
Q

channel proteins in membrane specialized for water passage

A

aquaporins

80
Q

hydrostatic pressure required to
stop osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

81
Q

what kind of relationship does osmotic pressure and nonpermeating solute have

A

direct

82
Q

process of applying mechanical
pressure to override osmotic pressure

A

reverse osmosis

83
Q

1 mole of dissolved particles

A

osmole

84
Q

number of osmoles per liter of solution

A

osmolarity

85
Q

the ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

A

tonicityw

86
Q

what does tonicity depend on

A

concentration of nonpermeating solutes

87
Q

causes cell to absorb water and swell

A

hypotonic solution

88
Q

Has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular
fluid (ICF)

A

hypotonic solution

89
Q

what is the extreme example of a hypotonic solution

A

distilled water

90
Q

causes cell to lose water and shrivel
(crenate)

A

hypertonic solution

91
Q

Has a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF

A

hypertonic solution

92
Q

causes no change in cell volume

A

isotonic solution

93
Q

Concentrations of nonpermeating solutes in bath and ICF are the same

A

isotonic solution

94
Q

what are the features of specificity

A
  • Transport proteins are specific for
    particular solutes
  • Solute (ligand) binds to receptor site on
    carrier protein
  • Solute is released unchanged on other
    side of membrane
95
Q

what are the three kind of carriers

A

uniport
symport
antiport

96
Q

carries one type of solute

A

uniport

97
Q

what is an example of a uniport

A

calcium pump

98
Q

carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction

A

symport (cotransport)

99
Q

example of symport

A

sodium-glucose transporters

100
Q

Carries two or more solutes in opposite directions

A

antiport (countertransport)

101
Q

what is an example of antiport

A

sodium-potasium pump removes Na+, brings in K+

102
Q

what are the Three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion
primary active transport
secondary active transport

103
Q

carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

104
Q

Solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

105
Q

carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient

A

Primary active transport

106
Q

uses ATP while expelling calcium
from cell to where it is already more concentrated

A

Calcium pump (uniport)

107
Q

uses ATP while expelling sodium and importing potassium into cell

A

Sodium–potassium pump (antiport)

108
Q

example of Primary active transport

A

Calcium pump
Sodium–potassium pump

109
Q

what does the sodium-potassium pump do

A

Keeps K+ concentration higher and Na+
concentration lower within the cell than in ECF

110
Q

what are the sodium-potassium pump functions

A
  • Maintains steep Na+ concentration gradient
    allowing for secondary active transport
  • Regulates solute concentration and thus osmosis
    and thus cell volume
  • Maintains negatively charged resting membrane
    potential
  • Produces heat
111
Q

Carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly

A

Secondary active transport

112
Q

what does the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) (symport) do

A

Moves glucose into cell while simultaneously carrying
sodium down its gradient

113
Q

moves large particles, fluid droplets, or
numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles bubble-like enclosures of membrane

A

vesicular transport

114
Q

vesicular processes that bring material into cell

A

Endocytosis

115
Q

types of Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-medicated endocytosis

116
Q

particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

117
Q

cell drinking,” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell

A

pinocytosis

118
Q

“cell eating,” engulfing large particles

A

phagocytosis

119
Q

what are some example so phagocytosis

A

Pseudopods
phagosomes
macrophages

120
Q

“cell eating,” engulfing large particles

A

phagocytosis

121
Q

discharging material from the cel

A

exocytosis

122
Q

more selective endocytosis Enables cells to take in specific molecules that bind to extracellular receptors

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

123
Q

Transport of material across the cell
by capturing it on one side and
releasing it on the other

A

transcytosis

124
Q

what two processes does transcytosis use?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis
moves it into the cell and exocytosis
moves it out the other side

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions