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Anatomy and Physiology > Introduction to A&P for Final EXAM > Flashcards

Introduction to A&P for Final EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the structures, the body parts.

A

anatomy

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2
Q

studying structures that can be seen with the naked eyes.

A

Gross Anatomy

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3
Q

Structures are studied based on the location

A

regional anatomy

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4
Q

another name for gross anatomy

A

Macroscopic anatomy

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5
Q

Structures are studied based on system

A

systemic anatomy

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6
Q

what are the two types of gross anatomy

A

regional and systemic

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7
Q

Structures that can be seen with a microscope because it cannot be
seen with the naked eyes

A

microscopic anatomy

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8
Q

Study of the structures throughout a lifespan

A

developmental anatomy

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9
Q

Structures are studied based on diseases.

A

pathological anatomy

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10
Q

Structures are studied based on radiographic images(x-ray).

A

Radiographic anatomy

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11
Q

The study of the functions of those body parts.

A

physiology

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12
Q

name the level of organization from smallest to highest

A

atom
molecule
organelles
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
organism

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13
Q

the smallest particle

A

atoms

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14
Q

composed of two or more atoms

A

molecules

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15
Q

structures within a cell that carry out cellular function composed of molecules

A

organelles

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16
Q

made up of different organelles

A

cells

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17
Q

the smallest unit of an organism

A

cells

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18
Q

made up of cells with similar function or similar cell products

A

tissues

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19
Q

made up of multiple tissues that carry out a similar functions

A

organs

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20
Q

made up of multiple organs that maintain a common function

A

organ system

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21
Q

the organism is made up of the multiple organ systems

A

organisms

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22
Q

what is an example of an organism

A

a human

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23
Q

is the state of balance or the internal stable state that the body tries to
maintain.

A

homeostasis

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24
Q

what happens when the body deviates form the normal state?

A

diseased state

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25
Q

what are the mechanisms that the body uses to combat a change from homeostasis

A

negative feedback and positive feedback

26
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

Opposes the outcome or reverses a
mechanism as a way to maintain a stable state. It counteracts the response

27
Q

are composed of components needed to synthesize and assemble ribosomal subunits.

A

Nucleoli

28
Q

Composed of DNA, histone proteins and RNA, makes up the genes.

A

chromatin

29
Q

Random molecular motion of particles provides necessary energy
running down the concentration gradient

A

Passive mechanisms

30
Q

what mechanism consumes ATP

A

Active mechanism

31
Q

mechanisms use a membrane protein to
transport substances across membrane

A

Carrier-mediated mechanisms

32
Q

particles are driven through
membrane by physical pressure

A

filtration

33
Q

net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration

A

simple diffusion

34
Q

net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

35
Q

how does water move through osmosis

A

where water is more concentrated to the side where it is less concentrated

36
Q

hydrostatic pressure required to
stop osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

37
Q

the ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

A

tonicityw

38
Q

what are the features of specificity

A
  • Transport proteins are specific for
    particular solutes
  • Solute (ligand) binds to receptor site on
    carrier protein
  • Solute is released unchanged on other
    side of membrane
39
Q

what is an example of a uniport

A

calcium pump

40
Q

Carries two or more solutes in opposite directions

A

antiport (countertransport)

41
Q

what is an example of antiport

A

sodium-potasium pump removes Na+, brings in K+

42
Q

what are the Three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport

A

Facilitated diffusion
primary active transport
secondary active transport

43
Q

carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

44
Q

Solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

45
Q

carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient

A

Primary active transport

46
Q

uses ATP while expelling calcium
from cell to where it is already more concentrated

A

Calcium pump (uniport)

47
Q

uses ATP while expelling sodium and importing potassium into cell

A

Sodium–potassium pump (antiport)

48
Q

what does the sodium-potassium pump do

A

Keeps K+ concentration higher and Na+
concentration lower within the cell than in ECF

49
Q

what are the sodium-potassium pump functions

A
  • Maintains steep Na+ concentration gradient
    allowing for secondary active transport
  • Regulates solute concentration and thus osmosis
    and thus cell volume
  • Maintains negatively charged resting membrane
    potential
  • Produces heat
50
Q

Carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly

A

Secondary active transport

51
Q

moves large particles, fluid droplets, or
numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles bubble-like enclosures of membrane

A

vesicular transport

52
Q

vesicular processes that bring material into cell

A

Endocytosis

53
Q

types of Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-medicated endocytosis

54
Q

particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

55
Q

cell drinking,” taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell

A

pinocytosis

56
Q

“cell eating,” engulfing large particles

A

phagocytosis

57
Q

what are some example so phagocytosis

A

Pseudopods
phagosomes
macrophages

58
Q

“cell eating,” engulfing large particles

A

phagocytosis

59
Q

discharging material from the cel

A

exocytosis

60
Q

more selective endocytosis Enables cells to take in specific molecules that bind to extracellular receptors

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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