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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Responsive to chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

A

Excitability

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2
Q

local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber.

A

Conductivity

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3
Q

shortens when stimulated

A

Contractility

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4
Q

capable of being stretched between contractions

A

Extensibility

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5
Q

returns to its original rest length after being stretched

A

Elasticity

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6
Q

voluntary, striated muscle usually attached to bones of the skeleton. Striations

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Connective tissue wrappings

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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8
Q

connective tissue around muscle cell

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

connective tissue around muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

attach the muscle to the bone

A

tendons

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12
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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14
Q

types of sacroplasm

A

myofibrils
glycogen
myoglobin

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15
Q

long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

A

Myofibrils

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16
Q

packed into spaces between myofibrils

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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18
Q

tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side

A

T tubules

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19
Q

a T tubule and two terminal cisterns associated with it

A

Triad

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20
Q

made of several hundred myosin molecules, each molecule shaped like a golf club. Two chains intertwined to form a shaft-like tail and a double globular head. The heads are directed outward in a helical array around the bundle. The heads on one half of the thick filament angle to the left, while heads on other half angle to the right. The bare zone is the area in the middle with no heads.

A

Thick filaments

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21
Q

two intertwined strands made up of string of globular (G) actin subunits each with an active site that can bind to head of myosin molecule.

A

Thin filaments

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22
Q

segment from Z disc to Z disc

A

Sarcomere

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23
Q

Darkest part is where thick filaments overlap a hexagonal array of thin filaments

A

A band

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24
Q

not as dark; middle of A band; thick filaments only

A

H band

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25
Q

middle of H band

A

M line

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26
Q

means light

A

I band

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27
Q

provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments

A

Z disc

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28
Q

A bundle of protein myofilaments within a muscle fiber; Each surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Has a banded (striated) appearance due to orderly overlap of protein myofilaments.

A

Myofibril

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29
Q

A segment of myofibril from one Z disc to the next in the fiber’s striation pattern.

A

Sarcomere

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30
Q

Fibrous protein strands that carry out the contraction process.

A

Myofilaments

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31
Q

cannot contract unless stimulated by a nerve

A

Skeletal muscle

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32
Q

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

A

Motor unit

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33
Q

have about three to six muscle fibers per neuron which allows for
fine degree of control.

A

Small motor units

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34
Q

have hundreds of fibers allowing for more strength than control. Leads to powerful contractions.

A

Large motor units

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35
Q

Small motor units examples

A

Eye and hand muscles

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36
Q

Large motor units examples

A

Quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius

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37
Q

point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell.

A

synapse

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38
Q

gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma

A

Synaptic cleft

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39
Q

a terminal branch at the end of the part of synpatic neuron

A

synaptic knob

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40
Q

A disease where an individual lacks Ach receptors leading to weakness.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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41
Q

What sets the resting membrane potential (RMP) and how does the cells change from unstimulated to stimulated muscle fiber

A

potassium concentration gradient

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42
Q

about −90 mV in skeletal muscle cells which is maintained by sodium–potassium pump.

A

Resting membrane potential

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43
Q

Tetanus toxin blocks the release of glycine which in the spinal cord normally stops motor neurons from producing unwanted muscle contractions and overstimulation.

A

Tetanus (lockjaw)

44
Q

a state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract

A

Flaccid paralysis

45
Q

plant poison used by South American natives to poison blowgun darts competes with ACh for receptor sites but does not stimulate the muscles. Leads to flaccid paralysis.

A

Curare

46
Q

type of food poisoning caused by a neuromuscular toxin secreted by the bacterium Blocks release of ACh causing flaccid paralysis.

A

Botulism

47
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation

A

Excitation
Excitation–contraction
Contraction
Relaxation

48
Q

a process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials

A

excitation

49
Q

events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract

A

Excitation–contraction coupling

50
Q

the step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

A

Contraction

51
Q

when stimulation ends, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length

A

Relaxation

52
Q

the amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or shortened it was before it was stimulated

A

Length–tension relationship

53
Q

a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation when stimulus is at threshold or higher.

A

Twitch

54
Q

very brief delay between stimulus and contraction

A

Latent period

55
Q

time when muscle generates external tension

A

Contraction phase

56
Q

time when tension declines to baseline

A

Relaxation phase

57
Q

an increase in tension that occurs when each successive stimuli is delivered after the relaxation phase of the preceding twitch.

A

Treppe

58
Q

higher frequency stimuli produce what

A

temporal (wave) summation

59
Q

Each new twitch rides on the previous one generating higher tension with only partial relaxation between stimuli.

A

wave summation

60
Q

Higher frequency stimuli with each new twitch riding on the previous twitch. Only partial relaxation between stimuli till it reaches maximum level of tension.

A

Incomplete Tetanus

61
Q

Unnaturally high stimulus frequencies (in lab experiments) cause a steady, contraction and muscle never begins to relax.

A

Complete (fused) Tetanus

62
Q

Muscle produces internal tension but external resistance causes it to stay the same length.

A

Isometric muscle contraction

63
Q

Muscle changes in length with no change in tension.

A

Isotonic muscle contraction

64
Q

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

A

Concentric contraction

65
Q

example of concentric contraction

A

lifting weights

66
Q

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

A

Eccentric contraction

67
Q

example of eccentric contraction

A

slowly lowering weight

68
Q

Two main pathways of ATP synthesis

A

Anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic respiration

69
Q

enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen; yields little ATP and lactate, which needs to be disposed of by the liver.

A

Anaerobic fermentation

70
Q

produces far more ATP; does not generate lactate; requires a continual supply of oxygen.

A

Aerobic respiration

71
Q

Short, intense exercise (100 m dash): Oxygen is briefly supplied by myoglobin but is rapidly depleted.

A

Immediate Energy

72
Q

Two enzyme systems control these phosphate transfers in immediate energy

A
  1. Myokinase
  2. Creatine Kinase
73
Q

supply oxygen to the cells in your muscles

A

myoglobin

74
Q

transfers Pi from one ADP to another, converting the latter to ATP

A

Myokinase

75
Q

the combination of ATP and CP which provides nearly all energy for short bursts of activity. Enough energy for 6 s of sprinting.

A

Phosphagen system

76
Q

uses carbohydrates (glucose) stored in the muscles as Glycogen

A

Glycogen lactic acid system

77
Q

what type of breathing is Short-Term Energy

A

Anaerobic Fermentation

78
Q

what type of breathing is Long-Term Energy

A

Aerobic Respiration

79
Q

As the phosphagen system is exhausted, muscles shift to anaerobic fermentation

A

Short-Term Energy- Anaerobic Fermentation

80
Q

how much energy does Short-Term Energy- Anaerobic Fermentation produce

A

30–40 s of maximum activity

81
Q

After about 40.s, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems start to deliver oxygen fast enough for aerobic respiration to meet most of muscle’s ATP demand

A

Long-Term Energy -Aerobic Respiration

82
Q

progressive weakness from prolonged use of muscles

A

muscle fatigue

83
Q

is major determinant of one’s ability to maintain high-intensity exercise for more than 4–5 min

A

Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)

84
Q

the point at which the rate of oxygen consumption plateaus and does not increase further with added workload

A

VO2 max

85
Q

meets a metabolic demand also known as oxygen debt.

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

86
Q

is the difference between the elevated rate of oxygen consumption following exercise and the usual resting rate.

A

Oxygen debt

87
Q

Three major types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  • Fast fibers (fast glycolytic)
  • Slow fibers (slow oxidative)
  • Intermediate fibers
88
Q

what type of twitch is well adapted for endurance; resist fatigue by oxidative (aerobic) ATP production

A

Slow-twitch (slow oxidative)

89
Q

what kind of muscles has slow-twitches (slow oxidative)

A

muscles that maintain posture
(ex: erector spinae of the back, soleus of calf)

90
Q

white, or type II fibers

A

Fast-twitch (Fast glycolytic)

91
Q

what kind of muscles has fast-twitches (Fast glycolytic)

A

quick and powerful muscles
(ex: eye and hand muscles, gastrocnemius of calf and biceps brachii)

92
Q

what type of twitch is well adapted for quick responses

A

Fast-twitch (Fast glycolytic)

93
Q

Contraction of a muscle against a load that resists movement

A

Resistance training

94
Q

what is an example of resistance training

A

weightlifting

95
Q

Improves fatigue-resistant muscles

A

Endurance training (aerobic exercise)

96
Q

Properties of cardiac muscle

A
  • Contracts with regular rhythm
  • works at anytime
  • resistant to fatigue
  • cells contract in unison
97
Q

can contract without need for nervous stimulation

A

Cardiac muscle

98
Q

Uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively, rich in myoglobin and glycogen.

A

cardiac muscle

99
Q

named for its lack of striations

A

smooth muscle

100
Q

lack nerve supply; others receive input from autonomic fibers with many varicosities containing synaptic vesicles

A

smooth muscle

101
Q

what type of twitch does cardiac muscles exhibit

A

slow

102
Q

Takes longer to contract but can remain contracted for a long time without fatigue

A

smooth muscle

103
Q

how does smooth muscle contract

A

is always triggered by Ca2+, energized by ATP, and achieved by sliding filaments

104
Q

how does smooth muscle get excited

A
  • Autonomic activity
  • Hormones, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH
  • Temperature
  • Stretch
  • Audtorhythmicity
105
Q

group of hereditary diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerate and weaken, and are replaced with fat and fibrous scar tissue

A

Muscular dystrophy

106
Q

Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together in clusters and are then removed so that the fibers become less sensitive to Ach

A

Myasthenia Gravis

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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