Special Senses Flashcards
1
Q
List the five special senses and the sensory organs used to sense them
A
- Olfaction(Smell)
- Gustation(Taste)
- Vision
- Equilibrium (Balance) - inner ear
- Hearing
2
Q
An area with a great number of fine touch receptors is the upper lip. What can you predict about the ability of the upper lip to distinguish two points?
A
they have a greater ability
3
Q
being bombarded with stimuli during most of the day, and filtering it out from conscious thought.
A
adaptation
4
Q
always active with a background level of stimulation that changes when the stimulus increases or decreases
A
tonic receptors
5
Q
do tonic receptors adapts slowly/adapts quickly
A
slowly
6
Q
do phasic receptors adapts slowly/adapts quickly
A
quickly
7
Q
Which type of receptor (tonic/phasic) are normally inactive but becomes active with stimulus for a short period of time
A
phasic
8
Q
In regards to location, sensory neurons detects a signal within a specific area
A
receptive field
9
Q
Receptive field differ amongst neurons. Certain parts of our body such as our fingers have very small receptive field which allows fo
A
finer two point touch discrimination
10
Q
while certain parts of our body such as our thighs have very large receptive fields which makes it
A
less likely for two point discrimination
11
Q
what is a modality
A
type of stimulus or sensation produced such as vision, hearing, taste etc.
12
Q
What type of receptors are sensitive to light
A
Photoreceptors
13
Q
What type of receptors are sensitive to touch
A
Mechanoreceptors
14
Q
What type of receptors are sensitive to temp.
A
Thermoreceptors
15
Q
What type of receptors are sensitive to sound, or vibration
A
Mechanoreceptors
16
Q
What type of receptors are sensitive to smell or odor
A
Chemoreceptors
17
Q
What type of receptor is responsive to extremely hot sensations
A
Nociceptors
18
Q
Tactile corpuscles respond to what type of sensation
A
Senses light touch and texture
19
Q
What type of receptor determines the weight of an object when you pick it up as well as the sense of body position and movement?
A
proprioceptive receptors
20
Q
what receptor Senses stimuli external to the body
A
Exteroceptors
21
Q
what receptor Senses stimuli from the internal organs
A
Interoceptors
22
Q
When you drink a burning hot liquid, the “chest pain” felt in the region of the sternum does not really occur there. What is this type of pain called?
A
referred pain
23
Q
Senses pain, and temperature
A
Free Nerve ending
24
Q
Senses light touch, pressure
A
Tactile discs
25
Senses light touch, hair movement
Hair receptors found around hair follicle
26
Senses deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration
Lamellar corpuscles
27
Senses muscle stretch
Muscle Spindles
28
Senses tension on tendons(proprioception)
Tendon organs
29
Unencapsulated nerve endings
Free Nerve endings
Tactile discs
Hair receptors found around hair follicle
30
Encapsulated nerve endings
Lamellar corpuscles
Muscle Spindles
Tendon organs
31
What are the primary tastes?
* -Salty
* -Sweet
* -Umami
* -Sour
* -Bitter
32
Where are the taste buds located?
back of the mouth
33
What structures are involved in taking the sense of taste from the taste buds to the brain?
A, first order neurons from __________ project to _______
B, Second order neurons from ________ project to ___________
(activate autonomic reflexes such as salivation, gagging and vomiting) and _______ (thalamus which relays signal to the primary gustatory cortex).`
* First order neurons from the Facial nerve (CN VII), -anterior two third, Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) –posterior one third and vagus nerve(CN X) from the palate, pharynx and epiglottis) projects to a the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata .
* Second order neurons to the nuclei in hypothalamus and amygdala that activate autonomic reflexes such as salivation, gagging and vomiting as well as to the thalamus which relays signal to the primary gustatory cortex in the insula and roof of lateral sulcus in the cerebrum where we become conscious of taste.
* Processed signals are then relayed to the orbitofrontal cortex where signals are integrated with signals from the nose and eyes to ultimately form an overall impression of flavor and food palatability.
34
Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?
insula
35
Where are integrated with signals from the nose and eyes to ultimately form an overall impression of flavor and food palatability.
Orbitofrontal cortex
36
What is the exact region of the nasal cavity receptive to smell stimuli?
olfactory epithelium
37
is where the olfactory fibers enter the olfactory bulbs and synapse with the mitral cells and tufted cells.
glomeruli.
38
Decoding of odors by the brain is possible because
glomerulus
39
is formed by the axons from tufted and mitral cells carrying output from the glomeruli.
olfactory tracts.
40
Olfactory tracts fibers end at the in what lobe
temporal lobe
41
are neurons that carry fibers back to the olfactory bulbs from the olfactory cortex which changes the quality and significance of odors under different conditions.
olfactory nerve
42
What are the three general areas or regions of the ear?
outer
middle
inner
43
The ear performs two major sensory functions. What are they?
hearing and equilibrium
44
What structures are found at the outer ear?
Pinna
Auditory canal
guard cells
45
What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear?
tympanic membrane
46
What tube between the middle ear and the nasopharynx is responsible for the equalization of pressure when you change elevation?
Eustachian tube
47
What is the name of the space that encloses the ear ossicles?
tympanic cavity
48
Name the ear ossicles in sequence from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
malleus
incus
stapes
49
What are the muscles of the middle ear and their function?
Strapedius
The Tensor Tympani
50
Name all the major parts of the inner ear.
Oval window
Cochlea
51
a fluid similar to the CSF is found between the bony and membranous labyrinths.
perilymph
52
a fluid similar to the intracellular fluid is found within the membranous labyrinth.
endolymph
53
function of the cochlea
is the organ of hearing.
54
What area is found between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
The cochlear duct
55
Trace the pathway of sound waves (pressure waves) from the outer ear to the inner ear
56
cochlea responds to sounds of different amplitude and frequency. How does the cochlea determine sounds of different amplitude and loudness
The spiral configuration of the cochlea allows for differing frequencies to stimulate specific areas along the spiral,
57
How does the ear detect sounds with different frequency or pitch?
* Signals from distal end-low pitch.
* Signals from proximal end- high pitch.
58
Summarize the auditory projection pathway
59
What is the name of the nerve that carries signals from the cochlea and vestibule to the brain?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
60
perception of the orientation of the head in space
static equilibrium
61
Perception of motion or acceleration
dynamic equilibrium
62
Name the components of the vestibular apparatus
-Semicircular ducts
-Saccule
-Utricle
63
function of Semicircular ducts
detect angular acceleration- change in the rate of rotation.
64
function of Saccule
is responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration- change in velocity at a straight line
65
function of Utricle
is responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration- change in velocity at a straight line
66
How does the brain detect equilibrium
Your brain uses the messages it receives from your eyes
67
How does the brain detect rotational type of movement?
The vestibular receptors
68
Explain the projection pathway
* Sensory fibers of the vestibular nerve synapses with the macula sacculi, macula utriculi, and semicircular ducts.
* Fibers from the vestibular apparatus leads to four vestibular nuclei on each sides of the pons and medulla.
* Nuclei on both right and left sides communicate with each other so each receives input from both right and left ears.
* Information about the body position and movement is relayed to the
1, Cerebellum: integrates this information in control of head and eye movement, muscle tone, and posture.
* 2, Nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerve so that eye movements can compensate for head movements.
* 3, Reticular formation adjusts breathing and blood circulation to postural changes
* 4, Spinal cord- fibers from vestibulospinal tracts synapse on motor neurons that innervate extensor(antigravity) muscles which allows for quick movement to the trunk and limbs so as to maintain balance.
* 5, The thalamus: relays signal to the A, post central gyrus so that we gain conscious awareness of body position and movement. B, transitional zone from primary sensory to motor cortex which is involved in motor control of the head and body.
69
Bony socket that the eyeball occupies.
orbit
70
Protects eyes from the sun glare and enhances facial expression.
eye brows
71
Blocks foreign object from the eye, keeps the eye moistened, and blocks light stimulation.
eyelid
72
Guard hairs that help to keep the debris from the eye.
eyelashes
73
is a transparent mucous membrane which covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball. It secretes thin film that prevents eyeball from drying. It has a lot of blood vessels and nerves.
conjunctiva
74
The regions of Tunica Fibrosa (Fibrous/Outer Layer)
sclera
cornea
75
function of Tunica Fibrosa ,
protects the eyeball and maintains its shape
76
The regions of Tunica Vasculosa (Vascular Layer)
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid
77
function of Tunica Vasculosa
shields the tubular interior of each testicle from further layers of tissue around the outer testicle
78
The regions of Tunica Interna (Inner Layer)
Nerual Part
Pigmented Part
79
function of Tunica Interna
allow fluid to flow smoothly
80
How does the vitreous body differ from the aqueous humor in location and viscosity?
vitreous humor is located in the posterior cavity and is much thicker. Aqueous humor is located in the anterior cavity and is more watery.
81
What layer of the eye converts visible light into nerve impulses?
retina
82
what are the type of photoreceptors
Rods
Cones
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion:
83
function of rods
sensitive to light, allows us to see in dimly lit rooms.
84
function of cones
enables color vision. Red, blue and green cones. Allows for clearer and sharper image.
85
function of Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion
pigment is melanopsin and responds to different levels of brightness and influences the circadian rhythm.
86
What nerve is composed of axons of the ganglion cells and conducts action potentials to the thalamus of the brain
Optic Nerve
87
What gland produces tears?
Lacrimal gland
88
Where is vitreous body found?
large posterior cavity
89
What is the function of the choroid?
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the retina.
90
In what area of the eye is the blind spot located? Why is it called the blind spot?
Optic disc bc there are no photoreceptors
91
Where visual image arrives after it passes through cornea and lens. Cones are concentrated in this area with no rods.
macala
92
The center of macula, with highest concentration of cones. Site of the sharpest vision.
fovea centralis
93
Just medial to the fovea, origin of the optic nerve. The central retinal artery and vein emerge from its center. Has no photoreceptors. AKA the blindspot.
optic disc
94
What are the two steps in which focusing occurs?
-light passes through the cornea
-light passes through the lens.
95
Explain the process of accommodation for close and distant vision
for close: ciliary muscle is contracted
for far: ciliary muscle is more relaxed
96
Explain the process of changes that occur in resting phase versus with lightness
In darkness, Chemically gated sodium channel on the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor is open in the presence of cGMP.
Na flows into the cell and keeps the membrane potential at - 40mV instead of -70mV.
At -40mV, the photoreceptors continuously release glutamate across synapse.
The inner segment continuously pumps sodium ions out of the cytoplasm.
97
Explain the process of bleaching and regeneration of visual pigments
98
Explain the visual projection pathway
-Some optic nerve fibers from melanopsin containing ganglion cells end in the superior colliculi and pretectal nuclei of the midbrain which controls visual reflex and pretectal nuclei involved in photopupillary reflex and accommodation reflex.
-Primary visual cortex is connected by association tracts to the visual association area.
