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Anatomy and Physiology > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

List the five special senses and the sensory organs used to sense them

A
  • Olfaction(Smell)
  • Gustation(Taste)
  • Vision
  • Equilibrium (Balance) - inner ear
  • Hearing
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2
Q

An area with a great number of fine touch receptors is the upper lip. What can you predict about the ability of the upper lip to distinguish two points?

A

they have a greater ability

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3
Q

being bombarded with stimuli during most of the day, and filtering it out from conscious thought.

A

adaptation

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4
Q

always active with a background level of stimulation that changes when the stimulus increases or decreases

A

tonic receptors

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5
Q

do tonic receptors adapts slowly/adapts quickly

A

slowly

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6
Q

do phasic receptors adapts slowly/adapts quickly

A

quickly

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7
Q

Which type of receptor (tonic/phasic) are normally inactive but becomes active with stimulus for a short period of time

A

phasic

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8
Q

In regards to location, sensory neurons detects a signal within a specific area

A

receptive field

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9
Q

Receptive field differ amongst neurons. Certain parts of our body such as our fingers have very small receptive field which allows fo

A

finer two point touch discrimination

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10
Q

while certain parts of our body such as our thighs have very large receptive fields which makes it

A

less likely for two point discrimination

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11
Q

what is a modality

A

type of stimulus or sensation produced such as vision, hearing, taste etc.

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12
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to light

A

Photoreceptors

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13
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to touch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to temp.

A

Thermoreceptors

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15
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to sound, or vibration

A

Mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to smell or odor

A

Chemoreceptors

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17
Q

What type of receptor is responsive to extremely hot sensations

A

Nociceptors

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18
Q

Tactile corpuscles respond to what type of sensation

A

Senses light touch and texture

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19
Q

What type of receptor determines the weight of an object when you pick it up as well as the sense of body position and movement?

A

proprioceptive receptors

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20
Q

what receptor Senses stimuli external to the body

A

Exteroceptors

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21
Q

what receptor Senses stimuli from the internal organs

A

Interoceptors

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22
Q

When you drink a burning hot liquid, the “chest pain” felt in the region of the sternum does not really occur there. What is this type of pain called?

A

referred pain

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23
Q

Senses pain, and temperature

A

Free Nerve ending

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24
Q

Senses light touch, pressure

A

Tactile discs

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25
Q

Senses light touch, hair movement

A

Hair receptors found around hair follicle

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26
Q

Senses deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration

A

Lamellar corpuscles

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27
Q

Senses muscle stretch

A

Muscle Spindles

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28
Q

Senses tension on tendons(proprioception)

A

Tendon organs

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29
Q

Unencapsulated nerve endings

A

Free Nerve endings
Tactile discs
Hair receptors found around hair follicle

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30
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

Lamellar corpuscles
Muscle Spindles
Tendon organs

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31
Q

What are the primary tastes?

A
  • -Salty
  • -Sweet
  • -Umami
  • -Sour
  • -Bitter
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32
Q

Where are the taste buds located?

A

back of the mouth

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33
Q

What structures are involved in taking the sense of taste from the taste buds to the brain?
A, first order neurons from __________ project to _______

B, Second order neurons from ________ project to ___________
(activate autonomic reflexes such as salivation, gagging and vomiting) and _______ (thalamus which relays signal to the primary gustatory cortex).`

A
  • First order neurons from the Facial nerve (CN VII), -anterior two third, Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) –posterior one third and vagus nerve(CN X) from the palate, pharynx and epiglottis) projects to a the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata .
  • Second order neurons to the nuclei in hypothalamus and amygdala that activate autonomic reflexes such as salivation, gagging and vomiting as well as to the thalamus which relays signal to the primary gustatory cortex in the insula and roof of lateral sulcus in the cerebrum where we become conscious of taste.
  • Processed signals are then relayed to the orbitofrontal cortex where signals are integrated with signals from the nose and eyes to ultimately form an overall impression of flavor and food palatability.
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34
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A

insula

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35
Q

Where are integrated with signals from the nose and eyes to ultimately form an overall impression of flavor and food palatability.

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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36
Q

What is the exact region of the nasal cavity receptive to smell stimuli?

A

olfactory epithelium

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37
Q

is where the olfactory fibers enter the olfactory bulbs and synapse with the mitral cells and tufted cells.

A

glomeruli.

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38
Q

Decoding of odors by the brain is possible because

A

glomerulus

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39
Q

is formed by the axons from tufted and mitral cells carrying output from the glomeruli.

A

olfactory tracts.

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40
Q

Olfactory tracts fibers end at the in what lobe

A

temporal lobe

41
Q

are neurons that carry fibers back to the olfactory bulbs from the olfactory cortex which changes the quality and significance of odors under different conditions.

A

olfactory nerve

42
Q

What are the three general areas or regions of the ear?

A

outer
middle
inner

43
Q

The ear performs two major sensory functions. What are they?

A

hearing and equilibrium

44
Q

What structures are found at the outer ear?

A

Pinna
Auditory canal
guard cells

45
Q

What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane

46
Q

What tube between the middle ear and the nasopharynx is responsible for the equalization of pressure when you change elevation?

A

Eustachian tube

47
Q

What is the name of the space that encloses the ear ossicles?

A

tympanic cavity

48
Q

Name the ear ossicles in sequence from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

A

malleus
incus
stapes

49
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear and their function?

A

Strapedius
The Tensor Tympani

50
Q

Name all the major parts of the inner ear.

A

Oval window
Cochlea

51
Q

a fluid similar to the CSF is found between the bony and membranous labyrinths.

A

perilymph

52
Q

a fluid similar to the intracellular fluid is found within the membranous labyrinth.

A

endolymph

53
Q

function of the cochlea

A

is the organ of hearing.

54
Q

What area is found between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

A

The cochlear duct

55
Q

Trace the pathway of sound waves (pressure waves) from the outer ear to the inner ear

A
56
Q

cochlea responds to sounds of different amplitude and frequency. How does the cochlea determine sounds of different amplitude and loudness

A

The spiral configuration of the cochlea allows for differing frequencies to stimulate specific areas along the spiral,

57
Q

How does the ear detect sounds with different frequency or pitch?

A
  • Signals from distal end-low pitch.
  • Signals from proximal end- high pitch.
58
Q

Summarize the auditory projection pathway

A
59
Q

What is the name of the nerve that carries signals from the cochlea and vestibule to the brain?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

60
Q

perception of the orientation of the head in space

A

static equilibrium

61
Q

Perception of motion or acceleration

A

dynamic equilibrium

62
Q

Name the components of the vestibular apparatus

A

-Semicircular ducts
-Saccule
-Utricle

63
Q

function of Semicircular ducts

A

detect angular acceleration- change in the rate of rotation.

64
Q

function of Saccule

A

is responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration- change in velocity at a straight line

65
Q

function of Utricle

A

is responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration- change in velocity at a straight line

66
Q

How does the brain detect equilibrium

A

Your brain uses the messages it receives from your eyes

67
Q

How does the brain detect rotational type of movement?

A

The vestibular receptors

68
Q

Explain the projection pathway

A
  • Sensory fibers of the vestibular nerve synapses with the macula sacculi, macula utriculi, and semicircular ducts.
  • Fibers from the vestibular apparatus leads to four vestibular nuclei on each sides of the pons and medulla.
  • Nuclei on both right and left sides communicate with each other so each receives input from both right and left ears.
  • Information about the body position and movement is relayed to the
    1, Cerebellum: integrates this information in control of head and eye movement, muscle tone, and posture.
  • 2, Nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerve so that eye movements can compensate for head movements.
  • 3, Reticular formation adjusts breathing and blood circulation to postural changes
  • 4, Spinal cord- fibers from vestibulospinal tracts synapse on motor neurons that innervate extensor(antigravity) muscles which allows for quick movement to the trunk and limbs so as to maintain balance.
  • 5, The thalamus: relays signal to the A, post central gyrus so that we gain conscious awareness of body position and movement. B, transitional zone from primary sensory to motor cortex which is involved in motor control of the head and body.
69
Q

Bony socket that the eyeball occupies.

A

orbit

70
Q

Protects eyes from the sun glare and enhances facial expression.

A

eye brows

71
Q

Blocks foreign object from the eye, keeps the eye moistened, and blocks light stimulation.

A

eyelid

72
Q

Guard hairs that help to keep the debris from the eye.

A

eyelashes

73
Q

is a transparent mucous membrane which covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball. It secretes thin film that prevents eyeball from drying. It has a lot of blood vessels and nerves.

A

conjunctiva

74
Q

The regions of Tunica Fibrosa (Fibrous/Outer Layer)

A

sclera

cornea

75
Q

function of Tunica Fibrosa ,

A

protects the eyeball and maintains its shape

76
Q

The regions of Tunica Vasculosa (Vascular Layer)

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

77
Q

function of Tunica Vasculosa

A

shields the tubular interior of each testicle from further layers of tissue around the outer testicle

78
Q

The regions of Tunica Interna (Inner Layer)

A

Nerual Part
Pigmented Part

79
Q

function of Tunica Interna

A

allow fluid to flow smoothly

80
Q

How does the vitreous body differ from the aqueous humor in location and viscosity?

A

vitreous humor is located in the posterior cavity and is much thicker. Aqueous humor is located in the anterior cavity and is more watery.

81
Q

What layer of the eye converts visible light into nerve impulses?

A

retina

82
Q

what are the type of photoreceptors

A

Rods

Cones

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion:

83
Q

function of rods

A

sensitive to light, allows us to see in dimly lit rooms.

84
Q

function of cones

A

enables color vision. Red, blue and green cones. Allows for clearer and sharper image.

85
Q

function of Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion

A

pigment is melanopsin and responds to different levels of brightness and influences the circadian rhythm.

86
Q

What nerve is composed of axons of the ganglion cells and conducts action potentials to the thalamus of the brain

A

Optic Nerve

87
Q

What gland produces tears?

A

Lacrimal gland

88
Q

Where is vitreous body found?

A

large posterior cavity

89
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the retina.

90
Q

In what area of the eye is the blind spot located? Why is it called the blind spot?

A

Optic disc bc there are no photoreceptors

91
Q

Where visual image arrives after it passes through cornea and lens. Cones are concentrated in this area with no rods.

A

macala

92
Q

The center of macula, with highest concentration of cones. Site of the sharpest vision.

A

fovea centralis

93
Q

Just medial to the fovea, origin of the optic nerve. The central retinal artery and vein emerge from its center. Has no photoreceptors. AKA the blindspot.

A

optic disc

94
Q

What are the two steps in which focusing occurs?

A

-light passes through the cornea
-light passes through the lens.

95
Q

Explain the process of accommodation for close and distant vision

A

for close: ciliary muscle is contracted

for far: ciliary muscle is more relaxed

96
Q

Explain the process of changes that occur in resting phase versus with lightness

A

In darkness, Chemically gated sodium channel on the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor is open in the presence of cGMP.
Na flows into the cell and keeps the membrane potential at - 40mV instead of -70mV.
At -40mV, the photoreceptors continuously release glutamate across synapse.
The inner segment continuously pumps sodium ions out of the cytoplasm.

97
Q

Explain the process of bleaching and regeneration of visual pigments

A
98
Q

Explain the visual projection pathway

A

-Some optic nerve fibers from melanopsin containing ganglion cells end in the superior colliculi and pretectal nuclei of the midbrain which controls visual reflex and pretectal nuclei involved in photopupillary reflex and accommodation reflex.

-Primary visual cortex is connected by association tracts to the visual association area.

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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